Perl 测试模式

使用 Test2::V0、Test::More、prove 和 TDD 方法论为 Perl 应用程序提供全面的测试策略。

何时激活

• 编写新的 Perl 代码（遵循 TDD：红、绿、重构）
• 为 Perl 模块或应用程序设计测试套件
• 审查 Perl 测试覆盖率
• 设置 Perl 测试基础设施
• 将测试从 Test::More 迁移到 Test2::V0
• 调试失败的 Perl 测试

TDD 工作流程

始终遵循 RED-GREEN-REFACTOR 循环。

# Step 1: RED — Write a failing test
# t/unit/calculator.t
use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

use lib 'lib';
use Calculator;

subtest 'addition' => sub {
    my $calc = Calculator->new;
    is($calc->add(2, 3), 5, 'adds two numbers');
    is($calc->add(-1, 1), 0, 'handles negatives');
};

done_testing;

# Step 2: GREEN — Write minimal implementation
# lib/Calculator.pm
package Calculator;
use v5.36;
use Moo;

sub add($self, $a, $b) {
    return $a + $b;
}

1;

# Step 3: REFACTOR — Improve while tests stay green
# Run: prove -lv t/unit/calculator.t

Test::More 基础

标准的 Perl 测试模块 —— 广泛使用，随核心发行。

基本断言

use v5.36;
use Test::More;

# Plan upfront or use done_testing
# plan tests => 5;  # Fixed plan (optional)

# Equality
is($result, 42, 'returns correct value');
isnt($result, 0, 'not zero');

# Boolean
ok($user->is_active, 'user is active');
ok(!$user->is_banned, 'user is not banned');

# Deep comparison
is_deeply(
    $got,
    { name => 'Alice', roles => ['admin'] },
    'returns expected structure'
);

# Pattern matching
like($error, qr/not found/i, 'error mentions not found');
unlike($output, qr/password/, 'output hides password');

# Type check
isa_ok($obj, 'MyApp::User');
can_ok($obj, 'save', 'delete');

done_testing;

SKIP 和 TODO

use v5.36;
use Test::More;

# Skip tests conditionally
SKIP: {
    skip 'No database configured', 2 unless $ENV{TEST_DB};

    my $db = connect_db();
    ok($db->ping, 'database is reachable');
    is($db->version, '15', 'correct PostgreSQL version');
}

# Mark expected failures
TODO: {
    local $TODO = 'Caching not yet implemented';
    is($cache->get('key'), 'value', 'cache returns value');
}

done_testing;

Test2::V0 现代框架

Test2::V0 是 Test::More 的现代替代品 —— 更丰富的断言、更好的诊断和可扩展性。

为什么选择 Test2？

• 使用哈希/数组构建器进行卓越的深层比较
• 失败时提供更好的诊断输出
• 具有更清晰作用域的子测试
• 可通过 Test2::Tools::* 插件扩展
• 与 Test::More 测试向后兼容

使用构建器进行深层比较

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

# Hash builder — check partial structure
is(
    $user->to_hash,
    hash {
        field name  => 'Alice';
        field email => match(qr/\@example\.com$/);
        field age   => validator(sub { $_ >= 18 });
        # Ignore other fields
        etc();
    },
    'user has expected fields'
);

# Array builder
is(
    $result,
    array {
        item 'first';
        item match(qr/^second/);
        item DNE();  # Does Not Exist — verify no extra items
    },
    'result matches expected list'
);

# Bag — order-independent comparison
is(
    $tags,
    bag {
        item 'perl';
        item 'testing';
        item 'tdd';
    },
    'has all required tags regardless of order'
);

子测试

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

subtest 'User creation' => sub {
    my $user = User->new(name => 'Alice', email => 'alice@example.com');
    ok($user, 'user object created');
    is($user->name, 'Alice', 'name is set');
    is($user->email, 'alice@example.com', 'email is set');
};

subtest 'User validation' => sub {
    my $warnings = warns {
        User->new(name => '', email => 'bad');
    };
    ok($warnings, 'warns on invalid data');
};

done_testing;

使用 Test2 进行异常测试

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;

# Test that code dies
like(
    dies { divide(10, 0) },
    qr/Division by zero/,
    'dies on division by zero'
);

# Test that code lives
ok(lives { divide(10, 2) }, 'division succeeds') or note($@);

# Combined pattern
subtest 'error handling' => sub {
    ok(lives { parse_config('valid.json') }, 'valid config parses');
    like(
        dies { parse_config('missing.json') },
        qr/Cannot open/,
        'missing file dies with message'
    );
};

done_testing;

测试组织与 prove

目录结构

t/
├── 00-load.t              # 验证模块编译
├── 01-basic.t             # 核心功能
├── unit/
│   ├── config.t           # 按模块划分的单元测试
│   ├── user.t
│   └── util.t
├── integration/
│   ├── database.t
│   └── api.t
├── lib/
│   └── TestHelper.pm      # 共享测试工具
└── fixtures/
    ├── config.json        # 测试数据文件
    └── users.csv

prove 命令

# Run all tests
prove -l t/

# Verbose output
prove -lv t/

# Run specific test
prove -lv t/unit/user.t

# Recursive search
prove -lr t/

# Parallel execution (8 jobs)
prove -lr -j8 t/

# Run only failing tests from last run
prove -l --state=failed t/

# Colored output with timer
prove -l --color --timer t/

# TAP output for CI
prove -l --formatter TAP::Formatter::JUnit t/ > results.xml

.proverc 配置

-l
--color
--timer
-r
-j4
--state=save

夹具与设置/拆卸

子测试隔离

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;
use File::Temp qw(tempdir);
use Path::Tiny;

subtest 'file processing' => sub {
    # Setup
    my $dir = tempdir(CLEANUP => 1);
    my $file = path($dir, 'input.txt');
    $file->spew_utf8("line1\nline2\nline3\n");

    # Test
    my $result = process_file("$file");
    is($result->{line_count}, 3, 'counts lines');

    # Teardown happens automatically (CLEANUP => 1)
};

共享测试助手

将可重用的助手放在

t/lib/TestHelper.pm

use lib 't/lib'

Exporter

create_test_db()

create_temp_dir()

fixture_path()

模拟

Test::MockModule

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;
use Test::MockModule;

subtest 'mock external API' => sub {
    my $mock = Test::MockModule->new('MyApp::API');

    # Good: Mock returns controlled data
    $mock->mock(fetch_user => sub ($self, $id) {
        return { id => $id, name => 'Mock User', email => 'mock@test.com' };
    });

    my $api = MyApp::API->new;
    my $user = $api->fetch_user(42);
    is($user->{name}, 'Mock User', 'returns mocked user');

    # Verify call count
    my $call_count = 0;
    $mock->mock(fetch_user => sub { $call_count++; return {} });
    $api->fetch_user(1);
    $api->fetch_user(2);
    is($call_count, 2, 'fetch_user called twice');

    # Mock is automatically restored when $mock goes out of scope
};

# Bad: Monkey-patching without restoration
# *MyApp::API::fetch_user = sub { ... };  # NEVER — leaks across tests

对于轻量级的模拟对象，使用

Test::MockObject

->mock()

->called_ok()

使用 Devel::Cover 进行覆盖率分析

运行覆盖率分析

# Basic coverage report
cover -test

# Or step by step
perl -MDevel::Cover -Ilib t/unit/user.t
cover

# HTML report
cover -report html
open cover_db/coverage.html

# Specific thresholds
cover -test -report text | grep 'Total'

# CI-friendly: fail under threshold
cover -test && cover -report text -select '^lib/' \
  | perl -ne 'if (/Total.*?(\d+\.\d+)/) { exit 1 if $1 < 80 }'

集成测试

对数据库测试使用内存中的 SQLite，对 API 测试模拟 HTTP::Tiny。

use v5.36;
use Test2::V0;
use DBI;

subtest 'database integration' => sub {
    my $dbh = DBI->connect('dbi:SQLite:dbname=:memory:', '', '', {
        RaiseError => 1,
    });
    $dbh->do('CREATE TABLE users (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, name TEXT)');

    $dbh->prepare('INSERT INTO users (name) VALUES (?)')->execute('Alice');
    my $row = $dbh->selectrow_hashref('SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ?', undef, 'Alice');
    is($row->{name}, 'Alice', 'inserted and retrieved user');
};

done_testing;

最佳实践

应做事项

• 遵循 TDD：在实现之前编写测试（红-绿-重构）
• 使用 Test2::V0：现代断言，更好的诊断
• 使用子测试：分组相关断言，隔离状态
• 模拟外部依赖：网络、数据库、文件系统
• 使用

  prove -l

  ：始终将 lib/ 包含在

  @INC

  中
• 清晰命名测试：

  'user login with invalid password fails'

• 测试边界情况：空字符串、undef、零、边界值
• 目标 80%+ 覆盖率：专注于业务逻辑路径
• 保持测试快速：模拟 I/O，使用内存数据库

禁止事项

• 不要测试实现：测试行为和输出，而非内部细节
• 不要在子测试之间共享状态：每个子测试都应是独立的
• 不要跳过

  done_testing

  ：确保所有计划的测试都已运行
• 不要过度模拟：仅模拟边界，而非被测试的代码
• 不要在新项目中使用

  Test::More

  ：首选 Test2::V0
• 不要忽略测试失败：所有测试必须在合并前通过
• 不要测试 CPAN 模块：相信库能正常工作
• 不要编写脆弱的测试：避免过度具体的字符串匹配

快速参考

prove -lr t/

prove -lv t/unit/user.t

prove -lr -j8 t/

cover -test && cover -report html

is($got, $expected, 'label')

is($got, hash { field k => 'v'; etc() }, 'label')

like(dies { ... }, qr/msg/, 'label')

ok(lives { ... }, 'label')

Test::MockModule->new('Pkg')->mock(m => sub { ... })

SKIP: { skip 'reason', $count unless $cond; ... }

TODO: { local $TODO = 'reason'; ... }

常见陷阱

忘记

done_testing

# Bad: Test file runs but doesn't verify all tests executed
use Test2::V0;
is(1, 1, 'works');
# Missing done_testing — silent bugs if test code is skipped

# Good: Always end with done_testing
use Test2::V0;
is(1, 1, 'works');
done_testing;

缺少

-l

标志

# Bad: Modules in lib/ not found
prove t/unit/user.t
# Can't locate MyApp/User.pm in @INC

# Good: Include lib/ in @INC
prove -l t/unit/user.t

过度模拟

模拟依赖项，而非被测试的代码。如果你的测试只验证模拟返回了你告诉它的内容，那么它什么也没测试。

测试污染

在子测试内部使用

my

our

记住：测试是你的安全网。保持它们快速、专注和独立。新项目使用 Test2::V0，运行使用 prove，问责使用 Devel::Cover。