ENCODE Pipeline Guide and Custom Workflow Generation

When to Use

• User wants to understand ENCODE uniform analysis pipelines or run them on their own data
• User asks about "ENCODE pipeline", "Nextflow", "WDL", "processing standards", or "pipeline requirements"
• User needs to generate a custom Nextflow/WDL workflow based on ENCODE pipeline specifications
• User wants to know compute requirements (CPU, GPU, memory, storage) for running pipelines
• Example queries: "how do I run the ENCODE ChIP-seq pipeline?", "what are the compute requirements for Hi-C processing?", "generate a Nextflow pipeline for my ATAC-seq data"

Understand ENCODE pipelines, generate user-specific workflows in Nextflow/WDL, and manage compute resources for local, HPC, and cloud execution.

ENCODE Uniform Analysis Pipelines

ENCODE uses standardized pipelines for each assay type, ensuring reproducibility across all datasets. All pipelines are:

• Open source: GitHub (github.com/ENCODE-DCC)
• Containerized: Docker and Singularity images
• Written in WDL: Workflow Description Language (Cromwell execution engine)
• Portable: Local, HPC (SLURM, SGE, PBS), or cloud (Google Cloud, AWS, Azure)

Pipeline Repository Map

ENCODE-DCC/chip-seq-pipeline2

encodedcc/chip-seq-pipeline:v2.2.1

ENCODE-DCC/atac-seq-pipeline

encodedcc/atac-seq-pipeline:v2.2.0

ENCODE-DCC/rna-seq-pipeline

encodedcc/rna-seq-pipeline:v1.2.0

ENCODE-DCC/dnase-seq-pipeline

encodedcc/dnase-seq-pipeline

ENCODE-DCC/dna-me-pipeline

encodedcc/dna-me-pipeline

ENCODE-DCC/hic-pipeline

encodedcc/hic-pipeline

ENCODE-DCC/scrna-seq-pipeline

ENCODE-DCC/scatac-seq-pipeline

ENCODE-DCC/cutandrun-pipeline

Literature Foundation

Pipeline Output Types by Assay

ChIP-seq Pipeline

ATAC-seq Pipeline

RNA-seq Pipeline

WGBS Pipeline

Hi-C Pipeline

Choosing the Right Output Files

Decision Table

encode_list_files(experiment_accession="ENCSR...", preferred_default=True)

Step 1: Assess User Compute Resources

Before generating any pipeline, check available resources:

System Check Commands

# CPU cores
nproc                              # Linux
sysctl -n hw.ncpu                  # macOS

# Memory
free -h                            # Linux
sysctl -n hw.memsize | awk '{print $1/1024/1024/1024 " GB"}'  # macOS

# Disk space
df -h /path/to/data/

# GPU (if applicable)
nvidia-smi                         # NVIDIA GPU
# Note: Most ENCODE pipelines do NOT require GPU

# Docker availability
docker --version
docker info | grep "Total Memory"

# Singularity (for HPC)
singularity --version

Minimum Resource Requirements by Pipeline

Resource Scaling

• CPU: Alignment steps are parallelizable; doubling cores approximately halves alignment time
• RAM: Genome index loading is the bottleneck; STAR requires ~32 GB for human genome
• Disk: FASTQ + BAM + intermediate files can exceed 100 GB per sample
• Network: ENCODE downloads at ~50–200 MB/s; plan for transfer time

Step 2: Generate Custom Nextflow Workflows

When the user needs to run ENCODE-style processing, generate Nextflow workflows that mirror ENCODE pipeline logic.

Why Nextflow Over WDL

• Broader adoption: Nextflow is used by nf-core, most HPC centers, and cloud platforms
• Native container support: Docker, Singularity, Podman
• Cloud integration: AWS Batch, Google Cloud Life Sciences, Azure Batch natively
• Resource management: Built-in CPU/memory/time limits per process
• Resume capability: Failed runs restart from last successful step

Nextflow Pipeline Template

#!/usr/bin/env nextflow
nextflow.enable.dsl=2

// Pipeline parameters
params.reads         = null          // Input FASTQ path
params.genome        = 'GRCh38'     // Genome assembly
params.outdir        = './results'   // Output directory
params.max_cpus      = Runtime.runtime.availableProcessors()
params.max_memory    = '${available_memory} GB'
params.max_time      = '24.h'

// Resource limits (user-specific)
process {
    cpus   = { check_max( 4 * task.attempt, 'cpus' ) }
    memory = { check_max( 8.GB * task.attempt, 'memory' ) }
    time   = { check_max( 4.h * task.attempt, 'time' ) }

    errorStrategy = 'retry'
    maxRetries    = 2
}

// Example: ChIP-seq alignment process
process ALIGN_READS {
    tag "${sample_id}"
    cpus 4
    memory '16 GB'
    container 'encodedcc/chip-seq-pipeline:v2.2.1'

    input:
    tuple val(sample_id), path(reads)
    path genome_index

    output:
    tuple val(sample_id), path("*.bam"), emit: bam

    script:
    """
    bwa mem -t ${task.cpus} ${genome_index}/genome.fa ${reads} | \
        samtools sort -@ ${task.cpus} -o ${sample_id}.sorted.bam
    samtools index ${sample_id}.sorted.bam
    """
}

Resource-Aware Configuration

Generate a

nextflow.config

// Auto-detected from user system
params {
    max_cpus   = ${detected_cpus}
    max_memory = '${detected_memory} GB'
    max_time   = '72.h'
}

// Profile: local execution
profiles {
    local {
        process.executor = 'local'
        docker.enabled   = true
    }

    // Profile: SLURM HPC
    slurm {
        process.executor = 'slurm'
        process.queue    = 'normal'
        singularity.enabled = true
    }

    // Profile: Google Cloud
    gcloud {
        process.executor = 'google-lifesciences'
        google.region    = 'us-central1'
        google.project   = '${user_project}'
        workDir          = 'gs://${user_bucket}/work'
    }

    // Profile: AWS Batch
    awsbatch {
        process.executor = 'awsbatch'
        process.queue    = '${user_queue}'
        aws.region       = 'us-east-1'
        workDir          = 's3://${user_bucket}/work'
    }
}

// Resource checking function
def check_max(obj, type) {
    if (type == 'memory') {
        try { if (obj.compareTo(params.max_memory as nextflow.util.MemoryUnit) == 1) return params.max_memory as nextflow.util.MemoryUnit else return obj }
        catch (all) { return params.max_memory as nextflow.util.MemoryUnit }
    } else if (type == 'cpus') {
        try { return Math.min(obj, params.max_cpus as int) }
        catch (all) { return params.max_cpus as int }
    }
}

Step 3: Cloud Integration

Available Integrations (Official Marketplace)

For users who cannot run pipelines locally, offer cloud integration:

Google Cloud / Colab

• Nextflow + Google Cloud Life Sciences: Run full pipelines on Google Cloud
• Google Colab: For interactive analysis (R/Python notebooks)
  • Limited to 12 GB RAM (free tier) or 25 GB (Pro)
  • GPU available (useful for deep learning, not standard pipelines)
  • Best for: downstream analysis after pipeline completion

AWS

• Nextflow + AWS Batch: Run pipelines on AWS
• AWS SageMaker: For ML-based analysis
• Best for: Large-scale batch processing

Other Platforms

• Terra (Broad Institute): WDL-native platform, ENCODE pipelines pre-installed
• DNAnexus: Cloud genomics platform with ENCODE pipeline apps
• Galaxy: Web-based, no coding required

Cloud Cost Estimates

Step 4: Background Execution

Local Background Execution

# Run Nextflow in background with nohup
nohup nextflow run pipeline.nf \
    -profile local \
    --reads '/path/to/reads/*.fastq.gz' \
    --outdir results/ \
    -resume \
    -bg \
    > pipeline.log 2>&1 &

# Monitor progress
tail -f pipeline.log
nextflow log last

Screen/tmux for Long Runs

# Create a persistent session
screen -S encode_pipeline
# or
tmux new -s encode_pipeline

# Run pipeline inside session
nextflow run pipeline.nf -profile local --reads '...' -resume

# Detach: Ctrl+A then D (screen) or Ctrl+B then D (tmux)
# Reattach later: screen -r encode_pipeline / tmux attach -t encode_pipeline

Step 5: Extract ENCODE Pipeline Code Snippets

When the user needs specific processing steps (not full pipelines), extract the relevant code:

Common Snippets

Alignment (ChIP-seq / ATAC-seq)

# ENCODE ChIP-seq alignment (from chip-seq-pipeline2)
bwa mem -t ${NCPUS} ${GENOME_INDEX} ${FASTQ_R1} ${FASTQ_R2} | \
    samtools view -@ ${NCPUS} -bS -q 30 -F 1804 - | \
    samtools sort -@ ${NCPUS} -o aligned.bam
samtools index aligned.bam

# Mark/remove duplicates
picard MarkDuplicates \
    INPUT=aligned.bam \
    OUTPUT=dedup.bam \
    METRICS_FILE=dup_metrics.txt \
    REMOVE_DUPLICATES=true

Peak Calling (MACS2)

# ENCODE standard peak calling
macs2 callpeak \
    -t treatment.bam \
    -c control.bam \
    -f BAMPE \
    -g hs \
    -n sample \
    --nomodel \
    --shift -75 \
    --extsize 150 \
    -B --SPMR \
    --keep-dup all \
    --call-summits \
    -q 0.05 \
    --outdir peaks/

IDR Analysis

# ENCODE IDR for replicate concordance
idr --samples rep1_peaks.narrowPeak rep2_peaks.narrowPeak \
    --input-file-type narrowPeak \
    --rank p.value \
    --output-file idr_peaks.narrowPeak \
    --plot \
    --idr-threshold 0.05

RNA-seq Quantification

# ENCODE RNA-seq (STAR + RSEM)
STAR --runThreadN ${NCPUS} \
    --genomeDir ${STAR_INDEX} \
    --readFilesIn ${FASTQ_R1} ${FASTQ_R2} \
    --readFilesCommand zcat \
    --outSAMtype BAM SortedByCoordinate \
    --quantMode TranscriptomeSAM \
    --outFilterMultimapNmax 20 \
    --alignSJoverhangMin 8 \
    --outFilterMismatchNmax 999 \
    --outFilterMismatchNoverReadLmax 0.04

rsem-calculate-expression \
    --bam --paired-end \
    -p ${NCPUS} \
    Aligned.toTranscriptome.out.bam \
    ${RSEM_INDEX} \
    rsem_output

Liftover (GRCh37 → GRCh38)

# Download chain file
wget https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/hg19/liftOver/hg19ToHg38.over.chain.gz

# Run liftover
liftOver input_hg19.bed hg19ToHg38.over.chain.gz output_hg38.bed unmapped.bed

# Log: liftOver version (Kent et al. 2002, Genome Research)
# Log: chain file source and date accessed
# Log: input count, output count, unmapped count

Step 6: Language-Specific Integration

R / Bioconductor

For users working in R, ENCODE data integrates with:

# Key Bioconductor packages for ENCODE data
library(GenomicRanges)      # Genomic intervals
library(rtracklayer)        # Import BED/bigWig
library(DESeq2)             # Differential expression
library(DiffBind)           # Differential binding (ChIP-seq)
library(ChIPseeker)         # Peak annotation
library(chromVAR)           # Chromatin accessibility
library(BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38)  # Genome sequence
library(TxDb.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38.knownGene)  # Gene models

# Import ENCODE peak file
peaks <- rtracklayer::import("ENCFF123ABC.bed", format="narrowPeak")

# Import ENCODE bigWig signal
signal <- rtracklayer::import("ENCFF456DEF.bigWig", format="bigWig")

Check package availability:

# CRAN
available.packages(repos="https://cran.r-project.org")[,"Version"]

# Bioconductor
BiocManager::available()
BiocManager::version()

Python

# Key Python packages for ENCODE data
import pyBigWig          # Read bigWig files
import pybedtools        # BED operations
import pysam             # BAM file access
import scanpy as sc      # Single-cell analysis
import anndata           # AnnData format
import cooler            # Hi-C contact matrices
import pydeseq2          # Differential expression

# Import ENCODE peak file
import pandas as pd
peaks = pd.read_csv("ENCFF123ABC.bed", sep="\t", header=None,
                     names=["chr","start","end","name","score","strand",
                            "signalValue","pValue","qValue","peak"])

Bash / Command Line

Core tools for ENCODE data processing:

# Essential tools and typical versions
bedtools --version    # v2.31.0 - genomic arithmetic
samtools --version    # 1.19 - BAM/CRAM operations
tabix                 # indexing BED/VCF
bigWigToBedGraph      # UCSC Kent tools
bedToBigBed           # UCSC Kent tools
macs2 --version       # 2.2.9.1 - peak calling
idr --version         # 2.0.4.2 - reproducibility
deeptools --version   # 3.5.4 - signal visualization

Provenance Integration

When generating or running any pipeline, integrate with the data-provenance skill:

1. Before execution: Log all input files, tool versions, reference files
2. During execution: Capture stdout/stderr, resource usage
3. After execution: Log all output files with MD5 checksums, record runtime
4. Script storage: Save the generated pipeline script in

   scripts/

   directory

Every pipeline run should produce a provenance entry that enables methods writing.

Pitfalls and Edge Cases

Version Mismatches

• ENCODE has used multiple pipeline versions over the years
• Files from different pipeline versions may not be directly comparable
• Check the

  analysis

  field in file metadata for pipeline version
• When reprocessing, use the same pipeline version as ENCODE for comparability

Container Requirements

• Docker requires root access (or rootless Docker)
• HPC systems typically use Singularity instead of Docker
• Singularity can pull Docker images:

  singularity pull docker://encodedcc/chip-seq-pipeline:v2.2.1

Genome Index Files

• STAR genome index requires ~32 GB RAM to generate and ~30 GB disk
• BWA index is smaller (~8 GB for human genome)
• Pre-built indices are available from ENCODE or iGenomes
• Log the exact index version and source in provenance

Cloud Costs

• Forgot to stop instances = runaway costs
• Use preemptible/spot instances for 60–80% cost savings (with retry logic)
• Set billing alerts before starting cloud runs

Resume and Checkpointing

• Always use

  -resume

  flag with Nextflow to avoid re-running completed steps
• Cromwell provides similar call caching
• This is critical for long-running pipelines (WGBS, Hi-C)

Child Pipeline Skills

For detailed, executable pipeline implementations, use these assay-specific child skills:

pipeline-chipseq

pipeline-atacseq

pipeline-rnaseq

pipeline-wgbs

pipeline-hic

pipeline-dnaseseq

pipeline-cutandrun

Each child includes: SKILL.md overview, 5 stage reference files, Nextflow DSL2 pipeline, Dockerfile, and cloud deployment configs (local/SLURM/GCP/AWS).

Walkthrough: Selecting and Configuring the Right Pipeline for Your ENCODE Data

Goal: Guide a researcher from raw ENCODE FASTQ files through pipeline selection, configuration, and execution using the appropriate ENCODE uniform processing pipeline. Context: ENCODE provides standardized pipelines for each assay type. This skill helps users select the right pipeline and configure it for their specific experiment.

Step 1: Identify the experiment and assay type

encode_get_experiment(accession="ENCSR000AKA")

Expected output:

{
  "accession": "ENCSR000AKA",
  "assay_title": "Histone ChIP-seq",
  "target": "H3K27ac",
  "biosample_summary": "GM12878",
  "replicates": 2,
  "status": "released",
  "pipeline": "Histone ChIP-seq (GRCh38)"
}

Interpretation: This is a Histone ChIP-seq experiment targeting H3K27ac. Use the pipeline-chipseq skill for processing.

Step 2: Download raw FASTQ files

encode_list_files(accession="ENCSR000AKA", file_format="fastq", assembly="GRCh38")

Expected output:

{
  "files": [
    {"accession": "ENCFF001FQ1", "output_type": "reads", "file_format": "fastq", "biological_replicates": [1], "paired_end": "1", "file_size_mb": 2400},
    {"accession": "ENCFF002FQ2", "output_type": "reads", "file_format": "fastq", "biological_replicates": [1], "paired_end": "2", "file_size_mb": 2500}
  ]
}

Step 3: Select pipeline based on assay type

Step 4: Configure and run

For Histone ChIP-seq:

nextflow run pipeline-chipseq/main.nf \
  --fastq_r1 ENCFF001FQ1.fastq.gz \
  --fastq_r2 ENCFF002FQ2.fastq.gz \
  --genome GRCh38 \
  --target H3K27ac \
  --broad_peak false \
  -profile docker

Step 5: Quality check the output

Use → quality-assessment skill to evaluate pipeline output against ENCODE standards:

• FRiP >= 1%
• NSC > 1.05
• RSC > 0.8

Integration with downstream skills

• Raw data from → download-encode provides FASTQ input for all pipelines
• Pipeline output feeds into → quality-assessment for ENCODE-standard QC
• Processed peaks feed into → peak-annotation, regulatory-elements, histone-aggregation
• Each assay has a dedicated pipeline skill: pipeline-chipseq through pipeline-cutandrun

Code Examples

1. Determine which pipeline to use

encode_get_experiment(accession="ENCSR000AKA")

Expected output:

{
  "accession": "ENCSR000AKA",
  "assay_title": "Histone ChIP-seq",
  "pipeline": "Histone ChIP-seq (GRCh38)"
}

2. Find FASTQ files for pipeline input

encode_list_files(accession="ENCSR000AKA", file_format="fastq")

Expected output:

{
  "files": [
    {"accession": "ENCFF001FQ1", "output_type": "reads", "paired_end": "1", "file_size_mb": 2400},
    {"accession": "ENCFF002FQ2", "output_type": "reads", "paired_end": "2", "file_size_mb": 2500}
  ]
}

3. Survey available data by assay type for pipeline selection

encode_get_facets(facet_field="assay_title", organism="Homo sapiens")

Expected output:

{
  "facets": {
    "assay_title": {"Histone ChIP-seq": 2500, "TF ChIP-seq": 1800, "ATAC-seq": 450, "RNA-seq": 1200, "WGBS": 147}
  }
}

Integration

Related Skills

• data-provenance

  — Exact provenance logging for every operation

• quality-assessment

  — Evaluating pipeline output quality

• download-encode

  — Downloading ENCODE files for pipeline input

• single-cell-encode

  — Single-cell pipeline specifics

• publication-trust

  — Verify literature claims backing analytical decisions

Presenting Results

When reporting pipeline recommendations:

• Selected pipeline: State the recommended pipeline (e.g., pipeline-chipseq, pipeline-atacseq) with a brief rationale based on the assay type and user's data
• Resource estimates: Present CPU, RAM, disk, and estimated runtime requirements in a table, compared against the user's available resources from system checks
• Container availability: Confirm whether Docker or Singularity is available and report the recommended container image with version tag
• Execution profile: Recommend the appropriate profile (local, slurm, gcp, aws) based on the user's compute environment
• Cost estimate: For cloud execution, provide per-sample cost estimates and recommend preemptible/spot instances where applicable
• Genome index status: Note whether pre-built genome indices are available or need to be generated, and estimate the index build time
• Configuration summary: Provide the recommended nextflow.config parameters tailored to the user's system
• Next steps: Direct the user to the specific child pipeline skill (e.g., "Use

  pipeline-chipseq

  to execute the pipeline with the parameters above")

For the request: "$ARGUMENTS"