Database Query and Export

Query relational databases (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL) and export results to CSV, JSON, or other formats. Essential for data extraction, reporting, backup automation, and analytics pipelines.

When to use

• Use case 1: When the user asks to query a database and export results
• Use case 2: When you need to extract data for analysis or reporting
• Use case 3: For backup and data migration workflows
• Use case 4: When building automated database monitoring and alerts

Required tools / APIs

• SQLite — Lightweight file-based database (often pre-installed)
• PostgreSQL client — For PostgreSQL databases
• MySQL client — For MySQL/MariaDB databases
• No external API required

Install options:

# Ubuntu/Debian
sudo apt-get install -y sqlite3 postgresql-client mysql-client

# macOS
brew install sqlite3 postgresql mysql-client

# Node.js (database drivers)
npm install better-sqlite3  # SQLite
npm install pg              # PostgreSQL
npm install mysql2          # MySQL

Skills

query_sqlite_to_json

Query SQLite database and export to JSON format.

# Basic query to JSON
sqlite3 database.db "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10;" -json

# With pretty formatting using jq
sqlite3 database.db "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active=1;" -json | jq '.'

# Export entire table to JSON file
sqlite3 database.db "SELECT * FROM orders;" -json > orders.json

# Query with WHERE clause
sqlite3 database.db "SELECT id, name, email FROM users WHERE created_at > '2024-01-01';" -json

Node.js:

const Database = require('better-sqlite3');

function querySQLiteToJSON(dbPath, query) {
  const db = new Database(dbPath, { readonly: true });
  const rows = db.prepare(query).all();
  db.close();
  return rows;
}

// Usage
// const users = querySQLiteToJSON('./database.db', 'SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10');
// console.log(JSON.stringify(users, null, 2));

query_sqlite_to_csv

Query SQLite database and export to CSV format.

# Basic query to CSV
sqlite3 database.db <<EOF
.mode csv
.headers on
SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10;
EOF

# Export to CSV file
sqlite3 database.db <<EOF
.mode csv
.headers on
.output users.csv
SELECT id, name, email, created_at FROM users WHERE active=1;
EOF

# Query multiple tables with JOIN
sqlite3 database.db <<EOF
.mode csv
.headers on
SELECT u.name, o.order_id, o.total 
FROM users u 
JOIN orders o ON u.id = o.user_id 
WHERE o.created_at > '2024-01-01';
EOF

Node.js:

const Database = require('better-sqlite3');
const fs = require('fs');

function querySQLiteToCSV(dbPath, query, outputPath) {
  const db = new Database(dbPath, { readonly: true });
  const rows = db.prepare(query).all();
  db.close();
  
  if (rows.length === 0) {
    return 'No results';
  }
  
  // Generate CSV
  const headers = Object.keys(rows[0]).join(',');
  const csvRows = rows.map(row => 
    Object.values(row).map(val => 
      typeof val === 'string' && val.includes(',') ? `"${val}"` : val
    ).join(',')
  );
  
  const csv = [headers, ...csvRows].join('\n');
  
  if (outputPath) {
    fs.writeFileSync(outputPath, csv);
    return `Exported ${rows.length} rows to ${outputPath}`;
  }
  
  return csv;
}

// Usage
// querySQLiteToCSV('./database.db', 'SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10', './users.csv');

query_postgresql

Query PostgreSQL database and export results.

# Set connection string (alternative: use individual flags)
export PGHOST=localhost
export PGPORT=5432
export PGDATABASE=mydb
export PGUSER=postgres
export PGPASSWORD=mypassword

# Query to JSON (using psql with formatted output)
psql -t -A -F"," -c "SELECT row_to_json(t) FROM (SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10) t;"

# Query to CSV
psql -c "COPY (SELECT * FROM users WHERE active=true) TO STDOUT WITH CSV HEADER;" > users.csv

# Query with connection string
psql "postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/mydb" -c "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 5;"

# Query to formatted table
psql -c "SELECT id, name, email FROM users ORDER BY created_at DESC LIMIT 10;"

Node.js:

const { Pool } = require('pg');

async function queryPostgreSQL(connectionString, query) {
  const pool = new Pool({ connectionString });
  
  try {
    const result = await pool.query(query);
    return result.rows;
  } finally {
    await pool.end();
  }
}

// Usage
// const connStr = 'postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/mydb';
// queryPostgreSQL(connStr, 'SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10')
//   .then(rows => console.log(JSON.stringify(rows, null, 2)));

query_mysql

Query MySQL/MariaDB database and export results.

# Query to CSV with headers
mysql -h localhost -u root -p'mypassword' -D mydb \
  -e "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active=1;" \
  --batch --silent \
  | cat > users.csv

# Query to JSON-like format (requires jq for proper formatting)
mysql -h localhost -u root -p'mypassword' -D mydb \
  -e "SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10;" \
  --batch --silent

# Export entire table to CSV
mysql -h localhost -u root -p'mypassword' -D mydb \
  -e "SELECT * FROM orders INTO OUTFILE '/tmp/orders.csv' 
      FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' 
      ENCLOSED BY '\"' 
      LINES TERMINATED BY '\n';"

# Query with timeout
mysql -h localhost -u root -p'mypassword' -D mydb \
  --connect-timeout=10 \
  -e "SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM users;"

Node.js:

const mysql = require('mysql2/promise');

async function queryMySQL(config, query) {
  const connection = await mysql.createConnection({
    host: config.host || 'localhost',
    user: config.user,
    password: config.password,
    database: config.database,
    connectTimeout: 10000
  });
  
  try {
    const [rows] = await connection.execute(query);
    return rows;
  } finally {
    await connection.end();
  }
}

// Usage
// const config = {
//   host: 'localhost',
//   user: 'root',
//   password: 'mypassword',
//   database: 'mydb'
// };
// queryMySQL(config, 'SELECT * FROM users LIMIT 10')
//   .then(rows => console.log(JSON.stringify(rows, null, 2)));

advanced_sqlite_export_with_error_handling

Production-ready SQLite export with validation and error handling.

#!/bin/bash
DB_PATH="database.db"
QUERY="SELECT * FROM users WHERE active=1;"
OUTPUT_FILE="users.csv"

# Check if database exists
if [ ! -f "$DB_PATH" ]; then
  echo "Error: Database file not found: $DB_PATH" >&2
  exit 1
fi

# Check if table exists
if ! sqlite3 "$DB_PATH" "SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type='table' AND name='users';" | grep -q "users"; then
  echo "Error: Table 'users' not found in database" >&2
  exit 1
fi

# Execute query and export to CSV
if sqlite3 "$DB_PATH" <<EOF > "$OUTPUT_FILE" 2>&1
.mode csv
.headers on
$QUERY
EOF
then
  ROW_COUNT=$(wc -l < "$OUTPUT_FILE")
  echo "Success: Exported $((ROW_COUNT - 1)) rows to $OUTPUT_FILE"
else
  echo "Error: Query failed" >&2
  exit 1
fi

Node.js:

const Database = require('better-sqlite3');
const fs = require('fs');

async function exportSQLiteWithValidation(options) {
  const { dbPath, query, outputPath, format = 'json' } = options;
  
  // Validate database exists
  if (!fs.existsSync(dbPath)) {
    throw new Error(`Database file not found: ${dbPath}`);
  }
  
  let db;
  try {
    db = new Database(dbPath, { readonly: true, timeout: 10000 });
    
    // Prepare and execute query
    const stmt = db.prepare(query);
    const rows = stmt.all();
    
    if (rows.length === 0) {
      return { success: true, rowCount: 0, message: 'No rows returned' };
    }
    
    // Export based on format
    let output;
    if (format === 'json') {
      output = JSON.stringify(rows, null, 2);
    } else if (format === 'csv') {
      const headers = Object.keys(rows[0]).join(',');
      const csvRows = rows.map(row => 
        Object.values(row).map(val => 
          typeof val === 'string' && val.includes(',') ? `"${val.replace(/"/g, '""')}"` : val
        ).join(',')
      );
      output = [headers, ...csvRows].join('\n');
    } else {
      throw new Error(`Unsupported format: ${format}`);
    }
    
    // Write to file
    fs.writeFileSync(outputPath, output);
    
    return {
      success: true,
      rowCount: rows.length,
      outputPath,
      format,
      message: `Exported ${rows.length} rows to ${outputPath}`
    };
    
  } catch (err) {
    throw new Error(`Database export failed: ${err.message}`);
  } finally {
    if (db) db.close();
  }
}

// Usage
// exportSQLiteWithValidation({
//   dbPath: './database.db',
//   query: 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE active=1',
//   outputPath: './users.json',
//   format: 'json'
// }).then(result => console.log(result));

Rate limits / Best practices

• ✅ Use readonly connections — Open databases in readonly mode when only querying
• ✅ Set connection timeouts — Use 10-30 second timeouts to prevent hanging
• ✅ Validate inputs — Check that database files/tables exist before querying
• ✅ Escape user inputs — Use parameterized queries to prevent SQL injection
• ✅ Handle large datasets — Use LIMIT/OFFSET for pagination on large tables
• ✅ Close connections — Always close database connections after queries
• ⚠️ Secure credentials — Store database passwords in environment variables, never hardcode
• ⚠️ Export file permissions — Ensure export directories have proper write permissions

Agent prompt

You have database query and export capability. When a user asks to query a database:

1. Identify the database type (SQLite, PostgreSQL, MySQL) from:
   - File extension (.db, .sqlite, .sqlite3 = SQLite)
   - Connection string (postgresql://, mysql://)
   - User specification

2. For SQLite:
   - Use `sqlite3 database.db "QUERY" -json` for JSON output
   - Use `.mode csv` with `.headers on` for CSV output
   - Always check if the database file exists first

3. For PostgreSQL:
   - Use `psql` with connection string or environment variables
   - Use `COPY ... TO STDOUT WITH CSV HEADER` for CSV export
   - Export JSON using `row_to_json()` function

4. For MySQL:
   - Use `mysql` with `-e` flag for queries
   - Use `--batch --silent` for CSV-like output
   - Set connection timeout with `--connect-timeout=10`

5. Always:
   - Validate database/table exists before querying
   - Use readonly connections when only reading
   - Handle errors gracefully with clear messages
   - Sanitize outputs (escape commas in CSV, quote strings)

6. For large datasets:
   - Add LIMIT clause to queries
   - Use pagination with OFFSET for very large tables
   - Warn user if result set is likely to be huge

Troubleshooting

Error: "unable to open database file"

• Symptom: SQLite cannot find or access the database file
• Solution: Check file path is correct and file has read permissions

Error: "connection refused"

• Symptom: Cannot connect to PostgreSQL or MySQL server
• Solution: Verify host/port are correct, database service is running, and firewall allows connections

Error: "authentication failed"

• Symptom: Database rejects username/password
• Solution: Verify credentials are correct, user has necessary privileges

Error: "table does not exist"

• Symptom: Query references non-existent table
• Solution: List available tables first (

  sqlite3 db.db ".tables"

  or

  \dt

  in psql)

CSV output has broken formatting:

• Symptom: Commas in data break CSV columns
• Solution: Properly escape values with commas using quotes, escape existing quotes

Query takes too long:

• Symptom: Query hangs or runs for minutes
• Solution: Add LIMIT clause, optimize query with indexes, increase timeout

See also

• ../json-and-csv-data-transformation/SKILL.md — Transform exported data between formats
• ../file-tracker/SKILL.md — Track database file changes over time
• ../chat-logger/SKILL.md — Example of SQLite usage for logging