Dependency Injection

Priority: P0 (CRITICAL)

Principles

• inject()

  over Constructor: Use the inject(MyService) function in class fields or constructor-equivalent class positions for cleaner injection. It works in any injection context (class fields, factory functions, guards).
• Tree Shaking: Always use @Injectable({ providedIn: 'root' }) for app-wide singletons unless specific scoping is required.
• Tokens: Use new InjectionToken<T>('description') for configuration, primitives, or interface abstraction. Provide via: { provide: API_URL, useValue: 'https://api.example.com' } in

  app.config.ts

  . Inject with: inject(API_URL).

Guidelines

• Providers: Prefer provide*() functions (e.g., provideHttpClient()) in

  app.config.ts

  providers array over importing NgModules.
• Factories: Use

  useFactory

  strictly when dependencies need runtime configuration.
• App Initializer: Use provideAppInitializer(() => inject(ConfigService).load()) (Angular 19+) to run async code before app bootstrap — replaces the old

  APP_INITIALIZER

  token pattern.
• Route Providers: Scope services to a route tree using providers: [MyService] in route config (the routes array) instead of

  providedIn: 'root'

  . This creates an instance destroyed when leaving the route.
• Multi Providers: Use { provide: TOKEN, useClass: Impl, multi: true } to collects all multi providers into an array (e.g., HTTP_INTERCEPTORS, validators).

Anti-Patterns

• No

  providedIn: 'platform'

  : Use

  'root'

  scoping; reserve platform only for Micro Frontend sharing.
• No

  forwardRef

  : Refactor architecture to eliminate circular dependencies instead.

References

• DI Patterns