Kubernetes & Helm

Overview

Writes Kubernetes manifests and Helm charts, deploys and manages applications on Kubernetes clusters, debugs workloads, configures networking and storage, sets up autoscaling and observability, and implements GitOps workflows.

Instructions

1. Core Workloads

Deployment:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: api-server
  namespace: app
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels: { app: api-server }
  strategy:
    type: RollingUpdate
    rollingUpdate: { maxUnavailable: 1, maxSurge: 1 }
  template:
    metadata:
      labels: { app: api-server, version: v1 }
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: api
          image: registry.example.com/api:1.2.3
          ports: [{ containerPort: 8080, name: http }]
          env:
            - name: DATABASE_URL
              valueFrom: { secretKeyRef: { name: db-credentials, key: url } }
          resources:
            requests: { cpu: 250m, memory: 256Mi }
            limits: { cpu: 500m, memory: 512Mi }
          readinessProbe:
            httpGet: { path: /health/ready, port: http }
            initialDelaySeconds: 5
            periodSeconds: 10
          livenessProbe:
            httpGet: { path: /health/live, port: http }
            initialDelaySeconds: 15
          lifecycle:
            preStop:
              exec: { command: ["/bin/sh", "-c", "sleep 10"] }
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30

StatefulSet (databases):

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
  name: redis
spec:
  serviceName: redis
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels: { app: redis }
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
        - name: redis
          image: redis:7-alpine
          ports: [{ containerPort: 6379 }]
          volumeMounts: [{ name: data, mountPath: /data }]
  volumeClaimTemplates:
    - metadata: { name: data }
      spec:
        accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
        storageClassName: gp3
        resources: { requests: { storage: 10Gi } }

CronJob:

apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
  name: db-backup
spec:
  schedule: "0 2 * * *"
  concurrencyPolicy: Forbid
  jobTemplate:
    spec:
      backoffLimit: 2
      template:
        spec:
          restartPolicy: OnFailure
          containers:
            - name: backup
              image: registry.example.com/db-backup:latest
              envFrom: [{ secretRef: { name: backup-credentials } }]

2. Networking

Service + Ingress:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: api-server
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  selector: { app: api-server }
  ports: [{ port: 80, targetPort: http }]
---
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: api-ingress
  annotations:
    cert-manager.io/cluster-issuer: letsencrypt-prod
spec:
  ingressClassName: nginx
  tls: [{ hosts: [api.example.com], secretName: api-tls }]
  rules:
    - host: api.example.com
      http:
        paths:
          - path: /
            pathType: Prefix
            backend: { service: { name: api-server, port: { number: 80 } } }

3. Autoscaling

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: api-server
spec:
  scaleTargetRef: { apiVersion: apps/v1, kind: Deployment, name: api-server }
  minReplicas: 3
  maxReplicas: 20
  metrics:
    - type: Resource
      resource: { name: cpu, target: { type: Utilization, averageUtilization: 70 } }
  behavior:
    scaleUp: { stabilizationWindowSeconds: 60, policies: [{ type: Pods, value: 4, periodSeconds: 60 }] }
    scaleDown: { stabilizationWindowSeconds: 300 }

4. Helm Charts

Chart structure:

charts/api-server/
├── Chart.yaml
├── values.yaml
├── templates/
│   ├── _helpers.tpl
│   ├── deployment.yaml
│   ├── service.yaml
│   ├── ingress.yaml
│   └── hpa.yaml

values.yaml:

replicaCount: 2
image:
  repository: registry.example.com/api
  tag: latest
service: { type: ClusterIP, port: 80 }
ingress:
  enabled: false
  className: nginx
resources:
  requests: { cpu: 250m, memory: 256Mi }
  limits: { cpu: 500m, memory: 512Mi }
autoscaling:
  enabled: false
  minReplicas: 2
  maxReplicas: 10

Commands:

helm upgrade --install api-server ./charts/api-server -n app --create-namespace -f values-prod.yaml --set image.tag=1.2.3
helm diff upgrade api-server ./charts/api-server -f values-prod.yaml
helm rollback api-server 1 -n app
helm template api-server ./charts/api-server -f values-prod.yaml  # debug

5. Debugging

kubectl describe pod <name> -n <ns>        # Check events
kubectl logs <pod> -n <ns> --previous       # Crashed container logs
kubectl exec -it <pod> -n <ns> -- /bin/sh   # Shell into pod
kubectl port-forward svc/api-server 8080:80 -n app
kubectl top pods -n app

Common issues:

• ImagePullBackOff

  → Check image name, tag, registry auth (imagePullSecrets)

• CrashLoopBackOff

  → Check logs (

  --previous

  ), probes, resource limits

• Pending

  → Check node resources, PVC binding, taints

• OOMKilled

  → Increase memory limits

6. GitOps with ArgoCD

apiVersion: argoproj.io/v1alpha1
kind: Application
metadata:
  name: api-server
  namespace: argocd
spec:
  source:
    repoURL: https://github.com/company/k8s-manifests
    targetRevision: main
    path: overlays/production
  destination:
    server: https://kubernetes.default.svc
    namespace: app
  syncPolicy:
    automated: { prune: true, selfHeal: true }
    syncOptions: [CreateNamespace=true]

Examples

Example 1: Full Application Stack

Input: "Deploy: Node.js API (3 replicas), React frontend, PostgreSQL, Redis, background worker. Include ingress, TLS, autoscaling, persistent storage."

Output: Namespace with quotas, API Deployment with HPA (3-20 on CPU/memory) and probes, frontend Deployment with nginx ConfigMap, PostgreSQL StatefulSet (50Gi PVC), Redis Deployment, Worker Deployment with KEDA scaling, Ingress with cert-manager TLS and path routing, Secrets via external-secrets-operator.

Example 2: Helm Chart for Multi-Tenant SaaS

Input: "Helm chart deploying per-tenant isolation: own namespace, database schema, subdomain. Single

helm install

per tenant."

Output: Chart with parameterized namespace, tenant-specific env vars, PostgreSQL schema init job, Ingress with

{{ .Values.tenant.slug }}.app.example.com

, NetworkPolicy isolation, resource quotas by plan (starter/pro/enterprise).

Guidelines

• Always set resource requests and limits on every container
• Use

  RollingUpdate

  with

  maxUnavailable: 1

  and

  preStop

  sleep for zero-downtime deploys
• Configure both readiness and liveness probes
• Pin image tags — never use

  latest

  in production
• Use Helm for parameterized deployments, Kustomize for environment overlays
• Use

  helm diff

  before every upgrade
• Prefer

  ClusterIP

  + Ingress over

  LoadBalancer

  services
• Use PodDisruptionBudgets for production workloads
• Never run containers as root; drop all capabilities; use read-only root filesystem
• Use NetworkPolicies to restrict pod-to-pod traffic
• Scan images with Trivy in CI before deploying