Backend Development Patterns

Backend architecture patterns and best practices for scalable server-side applications.

Framework-Specific Guidelines

When working with specific frameworks, combine this skill with framework-specific skills:

nestjs-best-practices

fastapi-templates

NestJS Integration

When using NestJS, the patterns in this skill should be adapted to NestJS conventions:

@Injectable()

@Injectable()

@Injectable()

@Catch()

class-validator

@UseGuards()

@nestjs/throttler

Example - NestJS Repository Pattern:

// NestJS style with dependency injection
@Injectable()
export class MarketRepository {
  constructor(
    @InjectRepository(Market)
    private marketRepo: Repository<Market>,
  ) {}

  async findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]> {
    const query = this.marketRepo.createQueryBuilder('market');

    if (filters?.status) {
      query.where('market.status = :status', { status: filters.status });
    }

    return query.getMany();
  }
}

// Inject into service
@Injectable()
export class MarketService {
  constructor(private marketRepo: MarketRepository) {}
}

Example - NestJS Error Handling:

// Exception filter instead of middleware error handler
@Catch()
export class AllExceptionsFilter implements ExceptionFilter {
  catch(exception: unknown, host: ArgumentsHost) {
    const ctx = host.switchToHttp();
    const response = ctx.getResponse<Response>();

    if (exception instanceof HttpException) {
      return response.status(exception.getStatus()).json({
        success: false,
        error: exception.message,
      });
    }

    return response.status(500).json({
      success: false,
      error: 'Internal server error',
    });
  }
}

Tip: For NestJS-specific decorators, modules, and advanced features (GraphQL, Microservices, WebSockets), refer to the nestjs skill for detailed documentation.

API Design Patterns

RESTful API Structure

// ✅ Resource-based URLs
GET    /api/markets                 # List resources
GET    /api/markets/:id             # Get single resource
POST   /api/markets                 # Create resource
PUT    /api/markets/:id             # Replace resource
PATCH  /api/markets/:id             # Update resource
DELETE /api/markets/:id             # Delete resource

// ✅ Query parameters for filtering, sorting, pagination
GET /api/markets?status=active&sort=volume&limit=20&offset=0

Repository Pattern

// Abstract data access logic
interface MarketRepository {
  findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]>;
  findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null>;
  create(data: CreateMarketDto): Promise<Market>;
  update(id: string, data: UpdateMarketDto): Promise<Market>;
  delete(id: string): Promise<void>;
}

class SupabaseMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
  async findAll(filters?: MarketFilters): Promise<Market[]> {
    let query = supabase.from('markets').select('*');

    if (filters?.status) {
      query = query.eq('status', filters.status);
    }

    if (filters?.limit) {
      query = query.limit(filters.limit);
    }

    const { data, error } = await query;

    if (error) throw new Error(error.message);
    return data;
  }

  // Other methods...
}

Service Layer Pattern

// Business logic separated from data access
class MarketService {
  constructor(private marketRepo: MarketRepository) {}

  async searchMarkets(query: string, limit: number = 10): Promise<Market[]> {
    // Business logic
    const embedding = await generateEmbedding(query);
    const results = await this.vectorSearch(embedding, limit);

    // Fetch full data
    const markets = await this.marketRepo.findByIds(results.map((r) => r.id));

    // Sort by similarity
    return markets.sort((a, b) => {
      const scoreA = results.find((r) => r.id === a.id)?.score || 0;
      const scoreB = results.find((r) => r.id === b.id)?.score || 0;
      return scoreA - scoreB;
    });
  }

  private async vectorSearch(embedding: number[], limit: number) {
    // Vector search implementation
  }
}

Middleware Pattern

// Request/response processing pipeline
export function withAuth(handler: NextApiHandler): NextApiHandler {
  return async (req, res) => {
    const token = req.headers.authorization?.replace('Bearer ', '');

    if (!token) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Unauthorized' });
    }

    try {
      const user = await verifyToken(token);
      req.user = user;
      return handler(req, res);
    } catch (error) {
      return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' });
    }
  };
}

// Usage
export default withAuth(async (req, res) => {
  // Handler has access to req.user
});

Database Patterns

Query Optimization

// ✅ GOOD: Select only needed columns
const { data } = await supabase
  .from('markets')
  .select('id, name, status, volume')
  .eq('status', 'active')
  .order('volume', { ascending: false })
  .limit(10);

// ❌ BAD: Select everything
const { data } = await supabase.from('markets').select('*');

N+1 Query Prevention

// ❌ BAD: N+1 query problem
const markets = await getMarkets();
for (const market of markets) {
  market.creator = await getUser(market.creator_id); // N queries
}

// ✅ GOOD: Batch fetch
const markets = await getMarkets();
const creatorIds = markets.map((m) => m.creator_id);
const creators = await getUsers(creatorIds); // 1 query
const creatorMap = new Map(creators.map((c) => [c.id, c]));

markets.forEach((market) => {
  market.creator = creatorMap.get(market.creator_id);
});

Transaction Pattern

async function createMarketWithPosition(
  marketData: CreateMarketDto,
  positionData: CreatePositionDto
) {
  // Use Supabase transaction
  const { data, error } = await supabase.rpc('create_market_with_position', {
    market_data: marketData,
    position_data: positionData
  })

  if (error) throw new Error('Transaction failed')
  return data
}

// SQL function in Supabase
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION create_market_with_position(
  market_data jsonb,
  position_data jsonb
)
RETURNS jsonb
LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
BEGIN
  -- Start transaction automatically
  INSERT INTO markets VALUES (market_data);
  INSERT INTO positions VALUES (position_data);
  RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', true);
EXCEPTION
  WHEN OTHERS THEN
    -- Rollback happens automatically
    RETURN jsonb_build_object('success', false, 'error', SQLERRM);
END;
$$;

Caching Strategies

Redis Caching Layer

class CachedMarketRepository implements MarketRepository {
  constructor(
    private baseRepo: MarketRepository,
    private redis: RedisClient,
  ) {}

  async findById(id: string): Promise<Market | null> {
    // Check cache first
    const cached = await this.redis.get(`market:${id}`);

    if (cached) {
      return JSON.parse(cached);
    }

    // Cache miss - fetch from database
    const market = await this.baseRepo.findById(id);

    if (market) {
      // Cache for 5 minutes
      await this.redis.setex(`market:${id}`, 300, JSON.stringify(market));
    }

    return market;
  }

  async invalidateCache(id: string): Promise<void> {
    await this.redis.del(`market:${id}`);
  }
}

Cache-Aside Pattern

async function getMarketWithCache(id: string): Promise<Market> {
  const cacheKey = `market:${id}`;

  // Try cache
  const cached = await redis.get(cacheKey);
  if (cached) return JSON.parse(cached);

  // Cache miss - fetch from DB
  const market = await db.markets.findUnique({ where: { id } });

  if (!market) throw new Error('Market not found');

  // Update cache
  await redis.setex(cacheKey, 300, JSON.stringify(market));

  return market;
}

Error Handling Patterns

Centralized Error Handler

class ApiError extends Error {
  constructor(
    public statusCode: number,
    public message: string,
    public isOperational = true,
  ) {
    super(message);
    Object.setPrototypeOf(this, ApiError.prototype);
  }
}

export function errorHandler(error: unknown, req: Request): Response {
  if (error instanceof ApiError) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      {
        success: false,
        error: error.message,
      },
      { status: error.statusCode },
    );
  }

  if (error instanceof z.ZodError) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      {
        success: false,
        error: 'Validation failed',
        details: error.errors,
      },
      { status: 400 },
    );
  }

  // Log unexpected errors
  console.error('Unexpected error:', error);

  return NextResponse.json(
    {
      success: false,
      error: 'Internal server error',
    },
    { status: 500 },
  );
}

// Usage
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  try {
    const data = await fetchData();
    return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data });
  } catch (error) {
    return errorHandler(error, request);
  }
}

Retry with Exponential Backoff

async function fetchWithRetry<T>(
  fn: () => Promise<T>,
  maxRetries = 3,
): Promise<T> {
  let lastError: Error;

  for (let i = 0; i < maxRetries; i++) {
    try {
      return await fn();
    } catch (error) {
      lastError = error as Error;

      if (i < maxRetries - 1) {
        // Exponential backoff: 1s, 2s, 4s
        const delay = Math.pow(2, i) * 1000;
        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delay));
      }
    }
  }

  throw lastError!;
}

// Usage
const data = await fetchWithRetry(() => fetchFromAPI());

Authentication & Authorization

JWT Token Validation

import jwt from 'jsonwebtoken';

interface JWTPayload {
  userId: string;
  email: string;
  role: 'admin' | 'user';
}

export function verifyToken(token: string): JWTPayload {
  try {
    const payload = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET!) as JWTPayload;
    return payload;
  } catch (error) {
    throw new ApiError(401, 'Invalid token');
  }
}

export async function requireAuth(request: Request) {
  const token = request.headers.get('authorization')?.replace('Bearer ', '');

  if (!token) {
    throw new ApiError(401, 'Missing authorization token');
  }

  return verifyToken(token);
}

// Usage in API route
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const user = await requireAuth(request);

  const data = await getDataForUser(user.userId);

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data });
}

Role-Based Access Control

type Permission = 'read' | 'write' | 'delete' | 'admin';

interface User {
  id: string;
  role: 'admin' | 'moderator' | 'user';
}

const rolePermissions: Record<User['role'], Permission[]> = {
  admin: ['read', 'write', 'delete', 'admin'],
  moderator: ['read', 'write', 'delete'],
  user: ['read', 'write'],
};

export function hasPermission(user: User, permission: Permission): boolean {
  return rolePermissions[user.role].includes(permission);
}

export function requirePermission(permission: Permission) {
  return (handler: (request: Request, user: User) => Promise<Response>) => {
    return async (request: Request) => {
      const user = await requireAuth(request);

      if (!hasPermission(user, permission)) {
        throw new ApiError(403, 'Insufficient permissions');
      }

      return handler(request, user);
    };
  };
}

// Usage - HOF wraps the handler
export const DELETE = requirePermission('delete')(async (
  request: Request,
  user: User,
) => {
  // Handler receives authenticated user with verified permission
  return new Response('Deleted', { status: 200 });
});

Rate Limiting

Simple In-Memory Rate Limiter

class RateLimiter {
  private requests = new Map<string, number[]>();

  async checkLimit(
    identifier: string,
    maxRequests: number,
    windowMs: number,
  ): Promise<boolean> {
    const now = Date.now();
    const requests = this.requests.get(identifier) || [];

    // Remove old requests outside window
    const recentRequests = requests.filter((time) => now - time < windowMs);

    if (recentRequests.length >= maxRequests) {
      return false; // Rate limit exceeded
    }

    // Add current request
    recentRequests.push(now);
    this.requests.set(identifier, recentRequests);

    return true;
  }
}

const limiter = new RateLimiter();

export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const ip = request.headers.get('x-forwarded-for') || 'unknown';

  const allowed = await limiter.checkLimit(ip, 100, 60000); // 100 req/min

  if (!allowed) {
    return NextResponse.json(
      {
        error: 'Rate limit exceeded',
      },
      { status: 429 },
    );
  }

  // Continue with request
}

Background Jobs & Queues

Simple Queue Pattern

class JobQueue<T> {
  private queue: T[] = [];
  private processing = false;

  async add(job: T): Promise<void> {
    this.queue.push(job);

    if (!this.processing) {
      this.process();
    }
  }

  private async process(): Promise<void> {
    this.processing = true;

    while (this.queue.length > 0) {
      const job = this.queue.shift()!;

      try {
        await this.execute(job);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error('Job failed:', error);
      }
    }

    this.processing = false;
  }

  private async execute(job: T): Promise<void> {
    // Job execution logic
  }
}

// Usage for indexing markets
interface IndexJob {
  marketId: string;
}

const indexQueue = new JobQueue<IndexJob>();

export async function POST(request: Request) {
  const { marketId } = await request.json();

  // Add to queue instead of blocking
  await indexQueue.add({ marketId });

  return NextResponse.json({ success: true, message: 'Job queued' });
}

Logging & Monitoring

Structured Logging

interface LogContext {
  userId?: string;
  requestId?: string;
  method?: string;
  path?: string;
  [key: string]: unknown;
}

class Logger {
  log(level: 'info' | 'warn' | 'error', message: string, context?: LogContext) {
    const entry = {
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      level,
      message,
      ...context,
    };

    console.log(JSON.stringify(entry));
  }

  info(message: string, context?: LogContext) {
    this.log('info', message, context);
  }

  warn(message: string, context?: LogContext) {
    this.log('warn', message, context);
  }

  error(message: string, error: Error, context?: LogContext) {
    this.log('error', message, {
      ...context,
      error: error.message,
      stack: error.stack,
    });
  }
}

const logger = new Logger();

// Usage
export async function GET(request: Request) {
  const requestId = crypto.randomUUID();

  logger.info('Fetching markets', {
    requestId,
    method: 'GET',
    path: '/api/markets',
  });

  try {
    const markets = await fetchMarkets();
    return NextResponse.json({ success: true, data: markets });
  } catch (error) {
    logger.error('Failed to fetch markets', error as Error, { requestId });
    return NextResponse.json({ error: 'Internal error' }, { status: 500 });
  }
}

Remember: Backend patterns enable scalable, maintainable server-side applications. Choose patterns that fit your complexity level.

Related Skills

• NestJS Projects: Use the

  nestjs-best-practices

  skill for framework-specific features (modules, decorators, DI, GraphQL, microservices)
• ** FastAPI Projects**: Use the

  fastapi-templates

  skill for framework-specific features (routes, decorators, DI, GraphQL, microservices)
• Database Design: Use

  postgres-patterns

  or

  sequelize-patterns

  or

  sqlalchemy-orm

  for database-specific patterns
• API Testing: Use

  playwright-skill

  for end-to-end API testing