Testing Expert Skill

Testing Philosophy

1. Test behavior, not implementation - Focus on what, not how
2. Arrange-Act-Assert - Clear test structure
3. No mocking libraries - Use test doubles that mirror production interfaces (inspired by Now in Android)
4. Fast and deterministic - No flaky tests
5. Test pyramid - Many unit tests, fewer integration tests

Why No Mocking?

Following the Now in Android approach, avoid mocking libraries like MockK/Mockito:

• Test doubles that implement real interfaces are more maintainable
• They catch breaking changes at compile time
• They make tests more readable and behavior-focused
• Use real components where feasible (e.g., actual DataStore with temp storage)

Dependencies

// build.gradle.kts
commonTest.dependencies {
    implementation(kotlin("test"))
    implementation("org.jetbrains.kotlinx:kotlinx-coroutines-test:1.10.2")
    implementation("app.cash.turbine:turbine:1.2.0")
    implementation("io.kotest:kotest-assertions-core:5.9.1")
    implementation("com.slack.circuit:circuit-test:0.31.0")
}

androidUnitTest.dependencies {
    // Roborazzi (preferred for JVM screenshot tests)
    implementation("io.github.takahirom.roborazzi:roborazzi:1.51.0")
    implementation("io.github.takahirom.roborazzi:roborazzi-compose:1.51.0")

    // Paparazzi (alternative screenshot testing)
    implementation("app.cash.paparazzi:paparazzi:1.3.5")

    implementation("org.robolectric:robolectric:4.16")
}

Circuit Presenter Testing

Using presenterTestOf (Recommended)

The simplest way to test presenters using Circuit's built-in testing utilities:

class ProfilePresenterTest {

    @Test
    fun `initial state is loading`() = runTest {
        presenterTestOf(
            presentFunction = {
                profilePresenter(
                    screen = ProfileScreen(userId = "123"),
                    navigator = FakeNavigator(ProfileScreen(userId = "123")),
                    userRepository = FakeUserRepository(),
                )
            },
        ) {
            assertThat(awaitItem()).isInstanceOf<ProfileScreen.State.Loading>()
        }
    }

    @Test
    fun `successful load shows user profile`() = runTest {
        val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository().apply {
            emitUser(testUser)
        }

        presenterTestOf(
            presentFunction = {
                profilePresenter(
                    screen = ProfileScreen(userId = "123"),
                    navigator = FakeNavigator(ProfileScreen(userId = "123")),
                    userRepository = fakeRepository,
                )
            },
        ) {
            assertThat(awaitItem()).isInstanceOf<ProfileScreen.State.Loading>()

            val successState = awaitItem() as ProfileScreen.State.Success
            assertThat(successState.user.name).isEqualTo(testUser.name)
        }
    }

    @Test
    fun `navigation events are captured`() = runTest {
        val navigator = FakeNavigator(ProfileScreen(userId = "123"))
        val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository().apply {
            emitUser(testUser)
        }

        presenterTestOf(
            presentFunction = {
                profilePresenter(
                    screen = ProfileScreen(userId = "123"),
                    navigator = navigator,
                    userRepository = fakeRepository,
                )
            },
        ) {
            skipItems(1) // Skip loading

            val state = awaitItem() as ProfileScreen.State.Success
            state.eventSink(ProfileScreen.Event.BackClick)

            // Assert navigation happened
            assertThat(navigator.awaitPop()).isNotNull()
        }
    }
}

Alternative: Manual Presenter Test

class ProfilePresenterTest {

    @Test
    fun `initial state is loading`() = runTest {
        val presenter = createPresenter()

        presenter.test {
            val state = awaitItem()
            assertThat(state).isInstanceOf<ProfileScreen.State.Loading>()
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `successful load shows user profile`() = runTest {
        val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository()
        val presenter = createPresenter(userRepository = fakeRepository)
        
        presenter.test {
            // Initial loading
            assertThat(awaitItem()).isInstanceOf<ProfileScreen.State.Loading>()
            
            // Emit user from repository
            fakeRepository.emitUser(testUser)
            
            // Verify success state
            val successState = awaitItem() as ProfileScreen.State.Success
            assertThat(successState.user.name).isEqualTo(testUser.name)
            assertThat(successState.user.email).isEqualTo(testUser.email)
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `error state shows retry option`() = runTest {
        val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository()
        val presenter = createPresenter(userRepository = fakeRepository)
        
        presenter.test {
            skipItems(1) // Skip loading
            
            fakeRepository.emitError(DomainError.Network.NoConnection)
            
            val errorState = awaitItem() as ProfileScreen.State.Error
            assertThat(errorState.message).contains("connection")
            assertThat(errorState.canRetry).isTrue()
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `refresh event triggers repository refresh`() = runTest {
        val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository()
        val presenter = createPresenter(userRepository = fakeRepository)
        
        presenter.test {
            skipItems(1) // Skip loading
            fakeRepository.emitUser(testUser)
            
            val state = awaitItem() as ProfileScreen.State.Success
            
            // Trigger refresh
            state.eventSink(ProfileScreen.Event.Refresh)
            
            // Verify refresh was called
            assertThat(fakeRepository.refreshCallCount).isEqualTo(1)
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `back navigation pops screen`() = runTest {
        val navigator = FakeNavigator(ProfileScreen(userId = "123"))
        val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository()
        val presenter = createPresenter(
            navigator = navigator,
            userRepository = fakeRepository,
        )
        
        presenter.test {
            skipItems(1)
            fakeRepository.emitUser(testUser)
            
            val state = awaitItem() as ProfileScreen.State.Success
            state.eventSink(ProfileScreen.Event.BackClick)
            
            // Verify navigation
            assertThat(navigator.awaitPop()).isNotNull()
        }
    }
    
    private fun createPresenter(
        screen: ProfileScreen = ProfileScreen(userId = "123"),
        navigator: Navigator = FakeNavigator(screen),
        userRepository: UserRepository = FakeUserRepository(),
    ): Presenter<ProfileScreen.State> {
        return Presenter { 
            ProfilePresenter(
                screen = screen,
                navigator = navigator,
                userRepository = userRepository,
            )
        }
    }
    
    companion object {
        val testUser = User(
            id = "123",
            name = "Test User",
            email = "test@example.com",
            avatarUrl = null,
            createdAt = Clock.System.now(),
        )
    }
}

Testing State Transitions

@Test
fun `loading to success to refreshing flow`() = runTest {
    val fakeRepository = FakeUserRepository()
    val presenter = createPresenter(userRepository = fakeRepository)
    
    presenter.test {
        // 1. Initial loading
        assertThat(awaitItem()).isInstanceOf<State.Loading>()
        
        // 2. Data loaded
        fakeRepository.emitUser(testUser)
        val success1 = awaitItem() as State.Success
        assertThat(success1.isRefreshing).isFalse()
        
        // 3. Trigger refresh
        success1.eventSink(Event.Refresh)
        
        // 4. Refreshing state
        val refreshing = awaitItem() as State.Success
        assertThat(refreshing.isRefreshing).isTrue()
        
        // 5. Refresh complete
        fakeRepository.emitUser(updatedUser)
        val success2 = awaitItem() as State.Success
        assertThat(success2.isRefreshing).isFalse()
        assertThat(success2.user).isEqualTo(updatedUser)
    }
}

Fake Implementations

Fake Repository

class FakeUserRepository : UserRepository {
    
    private val userFlow = MutableSharedFlow<Either<DomainError, User>>(replay = 1)
    private val usersFlow = MutableSharedFlow<Either<DomainError, List<User>>>(replay = 1)
    
    var refreshCallCount = 0
        private set
    
    var lastUpdatedUser: User? = null
        private set
    
    // Emit methods for tests
    suspend fun emitUser(user: User) {
        userFlow.emit(user.right())
    }
    
    suspend fun emitError(error: DomainError) {
        userFlow.emit(error.left())
    }
    
    suspend fun emitUsers(users: List<User>) {
        usersFlow.emit(users.right())
    }
    
    // Repository implementation
    override fun observeUser(id: String): Flow<Either<DomainError, User>> = userFlow
    
    override fun observeUsers(): Flow<Either<DomainError, List<User>>> = usersFlow
    
    override suspend fun refreshUser(id: String): Either<DomainError, User> {
        refreshCallCount++
        return userFlow.first()
    }
    
    override suspend fun updateUser(user: User): Either<DomainError, Unit> {
        lastUpdatedUser = user
        return Unit.right()
    }
    
    fun reset() {
        refreshCallCount = 0
        lastUpdatedUser = null
    }
}

Fake Navigator (Circuit)

class FakeNavigator(
    initialScreen: Screen,
) : Navigator {
    
    private val backStack = mutableListOf<Screen>(initialScreen)
    private val goToChannel = Channel<Screen>(Channel.UNLIMITED)
    private val popChannel = Channel<PopResult?>(Channel.UNLIMITED)
    private val resetRootChannel = Channel<Screen>(Channel.UNLIMITED)
    
    override val onRootPop: () -> Unit = {}
    
    override fun goTo(screen: Screen) {
        backStack.add(screen)
        goToChannel.trySend(screen)
    }
    
    override fun pop(result: PopResult?): Screen? {
        popChannel.trySend(result)
        return if (backStack.size > 1) {
            backStack.removeLast()
        } else null
    }
    
    override fun resetRoot(
        newRoot: Screen,
        saveState: Boolean,
        restoreState: Boolean,
    ): List<Screen> {
        resetRootChannel.trySend(newRoot)
        val old = backStack.toList()
        backStack.clear()
        backStack.add(newRoot)
        return old
    }
    
    override fun peek(): Screen? = backStack.lastOrNull()
    
    override fun peekBackStack(): ImmutableList<Screen> = backStack.toImmutableList()
    
    // Assertion helpers
    suspend fun awaitGoTo(): Screen = goToChannel.receive()
    
    suspend fun awaitPop(): PopResult? = popChannel.receive()
    
    suspend fun awaitResetRoot(): Screen = resetRootChannel.receive()
    
    fun expectNoEvents() {
        assertThat(goToChannel.tryReceive().isSuccess).isFalse()
        assertThat(popChannel.tryReceive().isSuccess).isFalse()
    }
}

Fake API

class FakeUserApi : UserApi {
    
    private var userResponse: Either<NetworkError, UserResponse>? = null
    private var usersResponse: Either<NetworkError, List<UserResponse>>? = null
    
    var createUserCallCount = 0
        private set
    var lastCreateRequest: CreateUserRequest? = null
        private set
    
    fun setUserResponse(response: Either<NetworkError, UserResponse>) {
        userResponse = response
    }
    
    fun setUsersResponse(response: Either<NetworkError, List<UserResponse>>) {
        usersResponse = response
    }
    
    fun setError(error: NetworkError) {
        userResponse = error.left()
        usersResponse = error.left()
    }
    
    override suspend fun getUser(id: String): Either<NetworkError, UserResponse> =
        userResponse ?: NetworkError.Unknown(Exception("Not configured")).left()
    
    override suspend fun getUsers(
        page: Int,
        size: Int,
    ): Either<NetworkError, PaginatedResponse<UserResponse>> =
        usersResponse?.map { users ->
            PaginatedResponse(
                data = users,
                page = page,
                pageSize = size,
                totalCount = users.size,
                hasMore = false,
            )
        } ?: NetworkError.Unknown(Exception("Not configured")).left()
    
    override suspend fun createUser(
        request: CreateUserRequest,
    ): Either<NetworkError, UserResponse> {
        createUserCallCount++
        lastCreateRequest = request
        return userResponse ?: NetworkError.Unknown(Exception("Not configured")).left()
    }
    
    fun reset() {
        userResponse = null
        usersResponse = null
        createUserCallCount = 0
        lastCreateRequest = null
    }
}

Flow Testing with Turbine

Basic Flow Test

@Test
fun `repository emits cached then fresh data`() = runTest {
    val repository = UserRepositoryImpl(fakeApi, testDatabase)
    
    // Seed database
    testDatabase.userQueries.upsert(cachedUser.toEntity())
    fakeApi.setUserResponse(freshUser.right())
    
    repository.observeUser("123").test {
        // First emission: cached data
        val cached = awaitItem()
        assertThat(cached.isRight()).isTrue()
        assertThat(cached.getOrNull()?.name).isEqualTo(cachedUser.name)
        
        // Second emission: fresh data
        val fresh = awaitItem()
        assertThat(fresh.isRight()).isTrue()
        assertThat(fresh.getOrNull()?.name).isEqualTo(freshUser.name)
        
        // No more emissions expected
        cancelAndIgnoreRemainingEvents()
    }
}

Testing Flow Transformations

@Test
fun `combined flow emits when any source changes`() = runTest {
    val userFlow = MutableSharedFlow<User>()
    val prefsFlow = MutableSharedFlow<Preferences>()
    
    val combinedFlow = combine(userFlow, prefsFlow) { user, prefs ->
        UserWithPrefs(user, prefs)
    }
    
    combinedFlow.test {
        // Emit both values
        userFlow.emit(testUser)
        prefsFlow.emit(testPrefs)
        
        val combined = awaitItem()
        assertThat(combined.user).isEqualTo(testUser)
        assertThat(combined.prefs).isEqualTo(testPrefs)
        
        // Update user only
        userFlow.emit(updatedUser)
        
        val updated = awaitItem()
        assertThat(updated.user).isEqualTo(updatedUser)
        assertThat(updated.prefs).isEqualTo(testPrefs) // Unchanged
    }
}

Testing Error Scenarios

@Test
fun `flow emits error and recovers`() = runTest {
    val repository = FakeUserRepository()
    
    repository.observeUser("123").test {
        // Success
        repository.emitUser(testUser)
        assertThat(awaitItem().isRight()).isTrue()
        
        // Error
        repository.emitError(DomainError.Network.NoConnection)
        assertThat(awaitItem().isLeft()).isTrue()
        
        // Recovery
        repository.emitUser(testUser)
        assertThat(awaitItem().isRight()).isTrue()
    }
}

Use Case Testing

class GetUserProfileUseCaseTest {
    
    private lateinit var userRepository: FakeUserRepository
    private lateinit var prefsRepository: FakePreferencesRepository
    private lateinit var useCase: GetUserProfileUseCase
    
    @BeforeTest
    fun setup() {
        userRepository = FakeUserRepository()
        prefsRepository = FakePreferencesRepository()
        useCase = GetUserProfileUseCase(userRepository, prefsRepository)
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `returns profile when both repositories succeed`() = runTest {
        userRepository.setUser(testUser)
        prefsRepository.setPreferences(testPrefs)
        
        val result = useCase("123")
        
        assertThat(result.isRight()).isTrue()
        val profile = result.getOrNull()!!
        assertThat(profile.user).isEqualTo(testUser)
        assertThat(profile.preferences).isEqualTo(testPrefs)
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `returns error when user not found`() = runTest {
        userRepository.setError(DomainError.Business.UserNotFound)
        prefsRepository.setPreferences(testPrefs)
        
        val result = useCase("unknown")
        
        assertThat(result.isLeft()).isTrue()
        assertThat(result.leftOrNull()).isEqualTo(DomainError.Business.UserNotFound)
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `short-circuits on first error`() = runTest {
        userRepository.setError(DomainError.Network.NoConnection)
        // Don't configure prefs - should not be called
        
        val result = useCase("123")
        
        assertThat(result.isLeft()).isTrue()
        assertThat(prefsRepository.getPreferencesCallCount).isEqualTo(0)
    }
}

Screenshot Testing Options

This project supports three screenshot testing approaches:

Compose Preview Screenshot Testing (Official Google Tool)

Google's official screenshot testing tool that converts

@Preview

Requirements

• AGP 8.5.0+
• Kotlin 1.9.20+ (2.0+ recommended)
• JDK 23 or lower

Setup

1. Enable in

gradle.properties

android.experimental.enableScreenshotTest=true

2. Add to version catalog (

libs.versions.toml

[versions]
screenshot = "0.0.1-alpha12"

[plugins]
screenshot = { id = "com.android.compose.screenshot", version.ref = "screenshot" }

[libraries]
screenshot-validation-api = { group = "com.android.tools.screenshot", name = "screenshot-validation-api", version.ref = "screenshot" }

3. Configure module

build.gradle.kts

plugins {
    alias(libs.plugins.screenshot)
}

android {
    experimentalProperties["android.experimental.enableScreenshotTest"] = true

    testOptions {
        screenshotTests {
            imageDifferenceThreshold = 0.0001f // 0.01% tolerance
        }
    }
}

dependencies {
    screenshotTestImplementation(libs.screenshot.validation.api)
    screenshotTestImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.tooling)
}

Writing Screenshot Tests

Create test files in

src/screenshotTest/kotlin/

package com.example.app

import androidx.compose.runtime.Composable
import androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview.Preview
import com.android.tools.screenshot.PreviewTest
import com.example.app.ui.theme.AppTheme

// Basic screenshot test
@PreviewTest
@Preview(showBackground = true)
@Composable
fun ProfileCardPreview() {
    AppTheme {
        ProfileCard(
            user = PreviewData.user,
            onClick = {},
        )
    }
}

// Multiple configurations with multi-preview
@PreviewTest
@Preview(name = "Light", showBackground = true)
@Preview(name = "Dark", uiMode = android.content.res.Configuration.UI_MODE_NIGHT_YES)
@Composable
fun ProfileCardThemeVariants() {
    AppTheme {
        ProfileCard(user = PreviewData.user, onClick = {})
    }
}

// Font scale variants
@PreviewTest
@Preview(name = "Normal", fontScale = 1.0f)
@Preview(name = "Large", fontScale = 1.5f)
@Preview(name = "Small", fontScale = 0.85f)
@Composable
fun ProfileCardFontScales() {
    AppTheme {
        ProfileCard(user = PreviewData.user, onClick = {})
    }
}

// Different states
@PreviewTest
@Preview(showBackground = true)
@Composable
fun ProfileScreenLoadingPreview() {
    AppTheme {
        ProfileUi(state = ProfileScreen.State.Loading)
    }
}

@PreviewTest
@Preview(showBackground = true)
@Composable
fun ProfileScreenSuccessPreview() {
    AppTheme {
        ProfileUi(
            state = ProfileScreen.State.Success(
                user = PreviewData.user,
                isRefreshing = false,
                eventSink = {},
            ),
        )
    }
}

@PreviewTest
@Preview(showBackground = true)
@Composable
fun ProfileScreenErrorPreview() {
    AppTheme {
        ProfileUi(
            state = ProfileScreen.State.Error(
                message = "Unable to load profile",
                canRetry = true,
                eventSink = {},
            ),
        )
    }
}

Using Built-in Multi-Preview Annotations

Leverage standard multi-preview annotations for comprehensive coverage:

import androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview.PreviewScreenSizes
import androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview.PreviewFontScale
import androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview.PreviewLightDark
import androidx.compose.ui.tooling.preview.PreviewDynamicColors

// Custom combined annotation
@PreviewTest
@PreviewLightDark
@PreviewFontScale
annotation class StandardScreenshotTests

@StandardScreenshotTests
@Composable
fun ButtonPreview() {
    AppTheme {
        PrimaryButton(text = "Submit", onClick = {})
    }
}

Gradle Commands

# Generate/update reference screenshots
./gradlew updateDebugScreenshotTest
./gradlew :feature:profile:updateDebugScreenshotTest

# Validate against references (fails on differences)
./gradlew validateDebugScreenshotTest
./gradlew :feature:profile:validateDebugScreenshotTest

Output locations:

• References:

  {module}/src/screenshotTest{Variant}/reference/

• Reports:

  {module}/build/reports/screenshotTest/preview/{variant}/index.html

CI Best Practices

# GitHub Actions example
jobs:
  screenshot-tests:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest  # Use consistent OS
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - name: Set up JDK 21
        uses: actions/setup-java@v4
        with:
          java-version: '21'
          distribution: 'temurin'

      - name: Validate screenshots
        run: ./gradlew validateDebugScreenshotTest

      - name: Upload report on failure
        if: failure()
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: screenshot-report
          path: '**/build/reports/screenshotTest/'

Important CI considerations:

• ⚠️ Different OS platforms may produce slightly different screenshots
• Run

  updateDebugScreenshotTest

  manually only when UI intentionally changes
• Run

  validateDebugScreenshotTest

  on every PR
• Use consistent JDK and OS version in CI
• Flag screenshot changes in PRs for reviewer attention

Directory Structure

module/
├── src/
│   ├── main/kotlin/           # Production code
│   ├── test/kotlin/           # Unit tests
│   └── screenshotTest/        # Screenshot tests
│       └── kotlin/
│           └── com/app/feature/
│               ├── ProfileScreenshotTest.kt
│               └── ComponentScreenshotTests.kt
│       └── reference/         # Generated reference images (commit these)
│           └── debug/
│               └── com.app.feature.ProfileCardPreview_xxx.png

Troubleshooting

@PreviewTest

screenshot-validation-api

ui-tooling

Screenshot Testing (Roborazzi - Recommended for Advanced Use)

Roborazzi is preferred for JVM-based screenshot tests as it integrates with Robolectric:

Setup

// build.gradle.kts
plugins {
    id("io.github.takahirom.roborazzi") version "1.51.0"
}

android {
    testOptions {
        unitTests {
            isIncludeAndroidResources = true
            all { test ->
                test.systemProperty("robolectric.graphicsMode", "NATIVE")
            }
        }
    }
}

dependencies {
    testImplementation("io.github.takahirom.roborazzi:roborazzi:1.51.0")
    testImplementation("io.github.takahirom.roborazzi:roborazzi-compose:1.51.0")
    testImplementation("io.github.takahirom.roborazzi:roborazzi-junit-rule:1.51.0")
    testImplementation("org.robolectric:robolectric:4.16")
}

Basic Roborazzi Test

@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
@GraphicsMode(GraphicsMode.Mode.NATIVE)
@Config(sdk = [33])
class ProfileUiRoborazziTest {

    @get:Rule
    val composeTestRule = createComposeRule()

    @Test
    fun profileLoading() {
        composeTestRule.setContent {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Loading,
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }

        composeTestRule.onRoot().captureRoboImage()
    }

    @Test
    fun profileSuccess() {
        composeTestRule.setContent {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Success(
                        user = PreviewData.user,
                        isRefreshing = false,
                        eventSink = {},
                    ),
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }

        composeTestRule.onRoot().captureRoboImage()
    }

    @Test
    fun profileError() {
        composeTestRule.setContent {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Error(
                        message = "Something went wrong",
                        canRetry = true,
                        eventSink = {},
                    ),
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }

        composeTestRule.onRoot().captureRoboImage()
    }
}

Device and Theme Variants

@RunWith(ParameterizedRobolectricTestRunner::class)
@GraphicsMode(GraphicsMode.Mode.NATIVE)
class ProfileUiScreenshotVariantsTest(
    private val device: RobolectricDeviceQualifiers,
    private val darkTheme: Boolean,
) {

    companion object {
        @JvmStatic
        @ParameterizedRobolectricTestRunner.Parameters(name = "{0}, dark={1}")
        fun params() = listOf(
            arrayOf(RobolectricDeviceQualifiers.Pixel5, false),
            arrayOf(RobolectricDeviceQualifiers.Pixel5, true),
            arrayOf(RobolectricDeviceQualifiers.MediumTablet, false),
            arrayOf(RobolectricDeviceQualifiers.MediumTablet, true),
        )
    }

    @get:Rule
    val composeTestRule = createComposeRule()

    @Test
    @Config(qualifiers = "w411dp-h891dp") // Will be overridden by device
    fun profileSuccess() {
        composeTestRule.setContent {
            AppTheme(darkTheme = darkTheme) {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Success(
                        user = PreviewData.user,
                        isRefreshing = false,
                        eventSink = {},
                    ),
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }

        composeTestRule.onRoot().captureRoboImage(
            filePath = "screenshots/${device}_dark$darkTheme.png",
        )
    }
}

Gradle Commands

# Record baseline screenshots
./gradlew recordRoborazzi

# Compare against baseline
./gradlew compareRoborazzi

# Verify screenshots (fails if different)
./gradlew verifyRoborazzi

# Record for specific module
./gradlew :feature:profile:recordRoborazzi

Screenshot Testing (Paparazzi)

Basic Screenshot Test

class ProfileUiScreenshotTest {
    
    @get:Rule
    val paparazzi = Paparazzi(
        deviceConfig = DeviceConfig.PIXEL_5,
        theme = "android:Theme.Material3.DayNight.NoActionBar",
    )
    
    @Test
    fun profileLoading() {
        paparazzi.snapshot {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Loading,
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun profileSuccess() {
        paparazzi.snapshot {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Success(
                        user = PreviewData.user,
                        isRefreshing = false,
                        eventSink = {},
                    ),
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun profileError() {
        paparazzi.snapshot {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Error(
                        message = "Something went wrong",
                        canRetry = true,
                        eventSink = {},
                    ),
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun profileRefreshing() {
        paparazzi.snapshot {
            AppTheme {
                ProfileUi(
                    state = ProfileScreen.State.Success(
                        user = PreviewData.user,
                        isRefreshing = true,
                        eventSink = {},
                    ),
                    modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize(),
                )
            }
        }
    }
}

Device Configurations

class ResponsiveLayoutScreenshotTest {
    
    @Test
    fun phone() {
        Paparazzi(deviceConfig = DeviceConfig.PIXEL_5).snapshot {
            AppTheme { ContentToTest() }
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun tablet() {
        Paparazzi(
            deviceConfig = DeviceConfig.NEXUS_10.copy(
                orientation = ScreenOrientation.LANDSCAPE,
            ),
        ).snapshot {
            AppTheme { ContentToTest() }
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun foldable() {
        Paparazzi(
            deviceConfig = DeviceConfig.PIXEL_FOLD,
        ).snapshot {
            AppTheme { ContentToTest() }
        }
    }
}

Dark Mode Testing

class DarkModeScreenshotTest {
    
    @get:Rule
    val paparazzi = Paparazzi(deviceConfig = DeviceConfig.PIXEL_5)
    
    @Test
    fun lightMode() {
        paparazzi.snapshot {
            AppTheme(darkTheme = false) {
                ProfileUi(state = successState)
            }
        }
    }
    
    @Test
    fun darkMode() {
        paparazzi.snapshot {
            AppTheme(darkTheme = true) {
                ProfileUi(state = successState)
            }
        }
    }
}

Database Testing

class UserDatabaseTest {
    
    private lateinit var database: AppDatabase
    private lateinit var queries: UserQueries
    
    @BeforeTest
    fun setup() {
        val driver = JdbcSqliteDriver(JdbcSqliteDriver.IN_MEMORY)
        AppDatabase.Schema.create(driver)
        database = AppDatabase(driver)
        queries = database.userQueries
    }
    
    @AfterTest
    fun teardown() {
        database.close()
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `insert and retrieve user`() {
        queries.upsert(
            id = "123",
            email = "test@example.com",
            name = "Test User",
            avatar_url = null,
            created_at = 0L,
            updated_at = 0L,
        )
        
        val user = queries.getById("123").executeAsOne()
        
        assertThat(user.id).isEqualTo("123")
        assertThat(user.email).isEqualTo("test@example.com")
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `upsert updates existing user`() {
        queries.upsert("123", "old@example.com", "Old Name", null, 0L, 0L)
        queries.upsert("123", "new@example.com", "New Name", null, 0L, 1L)
        
        val users = queries.getAll().executeAsList()
        
        assertThat(users).hasSize(1)
        assertThat(users.first().email).isEqualTo("new@example.com")
    }
    
    @Test
    fun `observe users emits on changes`() = runTest {
        queries.getAll().asFlow().mapToList().test {
            assertThat(awaitItem()).isEmpty()
            
            queries.upsert("1", "a@test.com", "A", null, 0L, 0L)
            assertThat(awaitItem()).hasSize(1)
            
            queries.upsert("2", "b@test.com", "B", null, 0L, 0L)
            assertThat(awaitItem()).hasSize(2)
            
            queries.deleteById("1")
            assertThat(awaitItem()).hasSize(1)
            
            cancelAndIgnoreRemainingEvents()
        }
    }
}

Test Utilities

Test Data

// TestFixtures.kt in :core:testing module

object TestData {
    val testUser = User(
        id = "test-user-123",
        name = "Test User",
        email = "test@example.com",
        avatarUrl = null,
        createdAt = Instant.parse("2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"),
        updatedAt = Instant.parse("2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"),
    )
    
    val testUsers = listOf(
        testUser,
        testUser.copy(id = "test-user-456", name = "Another User"),
        testUser.copy(id = "test-user-789", name = "Third User"),
    )
    
    val testPreferences = Preferences(
        theme = Theme.SYSTEM,
        notificationsEnabled = true,
        language = "en",
    )
}

// Builder pattern for complex objects
fun user(
    id: String = "test-123",
    name: String = "Test User",
    email: String = "test@example.com",
    block: UserBuilder.() -> Unit = {},
): User = UserBuilder(id, name, email).apply(block).build()

class UserBuilder(
    var id: String,
    var name: String,
    var email: String,
) {
    var avatarUrl: String? = null
    var createdAt: Instant = Clock.System.now()
    var updatedAt: Instant = Clock.System.now()
    
    fun build() = User(id, name, email, avatarUrl, createdAt, updatedAt)
}

Coroutine Test Extensions

// TestExtensions.kt

fun runTest(block: suspend TestScope.() -> Unit) =
    kotlinx.coroutines.test.runTest(testBody = block)

// For testing with specific dispatcher
fun runTestWithMain(block: suspend TestScope.() -> Unit) = runTest {
    Dispatchers.setMain(StandardTestDispatcher(testScheduler))
    try {
        block()
    } finally {
        Dispatchers.resetMain()
    }
}

Assertion Extensions

// AssertionExtensions.kt

inline fun <reified T> Any?.assertIsInstance(): T {
    assertThat(this).isInstanceOf(T::class.java)
    return this as T
}

fun <L, R> Either<L, R>.assertRight(): R {
    assertThat(this.isRight()).isTrue()
    return this.getOrNull()!!
}

fun <L, R> Either<L, R>.assertLeft(): L {
    assertThat(this.isLeft()).isTrue()
    return this.leftOrNull()!!
}

fun <T> Flow<T>.testCollect(
    scope: CoroutineScope,
): MutableList<T> {
    val results = mutableListOf<T>()
    scope.launch { collect { results.add(it) } }
    return results
}

Test Organization

Directory Structure

module/
├── src/
│   ├── commonMain/kotlin/
│   │   └── com/app/feature/
│   │       ├── ProfileScreen.kt
│   │       ├── ProfilePresenter.kt
│   │       └── ProfileUi.kt
│   ├── commonTest/kotlin/
│   │   └── com/app/feature/
│   │       ├── ProfilePresenterTest.kt
│   │       └── fakes/
│   │           └── FakeUserRepository.kt
│   └── androidUnitTest/kotlin/
│       └── com/app/feature/
│           └── ProfileUiScreenshotTest.kt

Naming Conventions

// Test class: {ClassUnderTest}Test
class ProfilePresenterTest

// Test method: backtick style with description
@Test
fun `initial state is loading`()

@Test
fun `successful load shows user profile`()

@Test
fun `error state shows retry button when retryable`()

// Or: given_when_then style
@Test
fun givenUserExists_whenLoadProfile_thenShowsUser()

Anti-Patterns

❌ Don't test implementation details

// WRONG - testing internal state
assertThat(presenter.internalLoadingState).isTrue()

// RIGHT - test observable behavior
presenter.test {
    assertThat(awaitItem()).isInstanceOf<State.Loading>()
}

❌ Don't use real dependencies in unit tests

// WRONG
val presenter = ProfilePresenter(RealUserRepository())

// RIGHT
val presenter = ProfilePresenter(FakeUserRepository())

❌ Don't ignore flaky tests

// WRONG - retry until pass
@Test
@FlakyTest
fun flaky_test() { ... }

// RIGHT - fix the root cause or use proper synchronization
@Test
fun deterministic_test() = runTest {
    advanceUntilIdle()
    // assertions
}

References

• Compose Preview Screenshot Testing: https://developer.android.com/studio/preview/compose-screenshot-testing
• Turbine: https://github.com/cashapp/turbine
• Roborazzi: https://github.com/takahirom/roborazzi
• Paparazzi: https://github.com/cashapp/paparazzi
• Kotest: https://kotest.io/
• Circuit Testing: https://slackhq.github.io/circuit/testing/
• Coroutines Testing: https://kotlinlang.org/api/kotlinx.coroutines/kotlinx-coroutines-test/
• Now in Android Testing: https://github.com/android/nowinandroid