Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: DESeq2 1.42+, edgeR 4.0+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• R:

  packageVersion('<pkg>')

  then

  ?function_name

  to verify parameters

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Differential Binding with DiffBind

"Compare ChIP-seq binding between conditions" → Identify genomic regions with statistically significant differences in transcription factor or histone mark occupancy between experimental groups.

• R:

  DiffBind::dba()

  →

  dba.count()

  →

  dba.contrast()

  →

  dba.analyze()

Create Sample Sheet

Goal: Define the experimental design linking BAM files, peak files, and sample metadata for DiffBind.

Approach: Build a data frame (or CSV) with required columns mapping each sample to its files and conditions.

# Create sample sheet as data frame or CSV
samples <- data.frame(
    SampleID = c('ctrl_1', 'ctrl_2', 'treat_1', 'treat_2'),
    Tissue = c('cell', 'cell', 'cell', 'cell'),
    Factor = c('H3K4me3', 'H3K4me3', 'H3K4me3', 'H3K4me3'),
    Condition = c('control', 'control', 'treatment', 'treatment'),
    Replicate = c(1, 2, 1, 2),
    bamReads = c('ctrl1.bam', 'ctrl2.bam', 'treat1.bam', 'treat2.bam'),
    Peaks = c('ctrl1_peaks.narrowPeak', 'ctrl2_peaks.narrowPeak',
              'treat1_peaks.narrowPeak', 'treat2_peaks.narrowPeak'),
    PeakCaller = c('macs', 'macs', 'macs', 'macs')
)

write.csv(samples, 'samples.csv', row.names = FALSE)

Load Data

Goal: Initialize a DiffBind object from the sample sheet containing all samples and peaks.

Approach: Read the sample sheet CSV into a DBA object that identifies overlapping peaks across samples.

library(DiffBind)

# From sample sheet
dba_obj <- dba(sampleSheet = 'samples.csv')

# View summary
dba_obj

Count Reads in Peaks

Goal: Quantify read coverage at consensus peak regions across all samples.

Approach: Count reads in summit-centered windows using dba.count, creating a count matrix for statistical testing.

# Count reads in consensus peaks
# summits=250 and bUseSummarizeOverlaps=TRUE are now defaults
dba_obj <- dba.count(dba_obj)

# With specific parameters
dba_obj <- dba.count(
    dba_obj,
    summits = 250,         # Re-center peaks around summits (default in 3.0)
    minOverlap = 2         # Peak must be in at least 2 samples
)

Normalize Data

Goal: Apply normalization to account for library size and composition differences between samples.

Approach: Use dba.normalize which applies DESeq2/edgeR normalization factors to the count matrix.

# Normalize (required before analysis)
dba_obj <- dba.normalize(dba_obj)

# Check normalization
dba.normalize(dba_obj, bRetrieve = TRUE)

Set Up Contrast

Goal: Define the comparison between experimental conditions for differential testing.

Approach: Specify a design formula or category-based contrast that tells DiffBind which groups to compare.

# Recommended: design formula approach
dba_obj <- dba.contrast(dba_obj, design = '~ Condition')

# Or use categories for automatic contrast
dba_obj <- dba.contrast(dba_obj, categories = DBA_CONDITION)

# Legacy approach (retained for backward compatibility, not recommended)
# dba_obj <- dba.contrast(dba_obj, group1 = dba_obj$masks$control,
#                         group2 = dba_obj$masks$treatment)

Run Differential Analysis

Goal: Identify peaks with statistically significant binding differences between conditions.

Approach: Apply DESeq2 or edgeR negative binomial models to the normalized count matrix.

# Analyze with DESeq2 (default)
dba_obj <- dba.analyze(dba_obj, method = DBA_DESEQ2)

# Or with edgeR
dba_obj <- dba.analyze(dba_obj, method = DBA_EDGER)

View Results

Goal: Retrieve and inspect differentially bound regions with fold changes and significance values.

Approach: Extract results as a GRanges object with dba.report, sorted by significance.

# Summary of differential peaks
dba.show(dba_obj, bContrasts = TRUE)

# Retrieve differential binding results
db_results <- dba.report(dba_obj)
db_results

Filter Results

Goal: Subset differential peaks by significance and fold-change thresholds.

Approach: Apply FDR and fold-change cutoffs to dba.report output.

# Get significant peaks (FDR < 0.05, |FC| > 2)
db_sig <- dba.report(dba_obj, th = 0.05, fold = 2)

# Get all results for custom filtering
db_all <- dba.report(dba_obj, th = 1)

Export Results

# To data frame
results_df <- as.data.frame(dba.report(dba_obj, th = 1))

# Export to CSV
write.csv(results_df, 'differential_binding.csv', row.names = FALSE)

# Export to BED
library(rtracklayer)
export(db_sig, 'diff_peaks.bed', format = 'BED')

Visualization

# PCA plot
dba.plotPCA(dba_obj, DBA_CONDITION, label = DBA_ID)

# Correlation heatmap
dba.plotHeatmap(dba_obj)

# MA plot
dba.plotMA(dba_obj)

# Volcano plot
dba.plotVolcano(dba_obj)

# Heatmap of differential peaks
dba.plotHeatmap(dba_obj, contrast = 1, correlations = FALSE)

Venn Diagram of Peaks

# Overlap between conditions
dba.plotVenn(dba_obj, dba_obj$masks$control)
dba.plotVenn(dba_obj, dba_obj$masks$treatment)

Profile Plots

# Average signal profile
profiles <- dba.plotProfile(dba_obj)

Get Consensus Peaks

# Export consensus peakset
consensus <- dba.peakset(dba_obj, bRetrieve = TRUE)
export(consensus, 'consensus_peaks.bed', format = 'BED')

Multi-Factor Design

# With blocking factor (e.g., batch correction)
dba_obj <- dba.contrast(dba_obj, design = '~ Batch + Condition')
dba_obj <- dba.analyze(dba_obj)

DiffBind 3.0 Notes

DiffBind 3.0+ introduced significant changes:

• dba.normalize()

  is now required before analysis
• Default

  summits=250

  recenters peaks (was FALSE in older versions)
• Use design formulas instead of group1/group2 for contrasts
• Blacklist filtering is applied by default

Sample Sheet Columns

Column	Required	Description
SampleID	Yes	Unique identifier
Tissue	No	Tissue/cell type
Factor	No	ChIP target
Condition	Yes	Experimental condition
Treatment	No	Additional grouping
Replicate	Yes	Replicate number
bamReads	Yes	Path to BAM file
Peaks	Yes	Path to peak file
PeakCaller	Yes	macs, bed, narrow
bamControl	No	Path to input BAM

Key Functions

Function	Purpose
dba	Create DBA object
dba.count	Count reads in peaks
dba.normalize	Normalize counts
dba.contrast	Set up comparison
dba.analyze	Run differential analysis
dba.report	Get results
dba.plotPCA	PCA visualization
dba.plotMA	MA plot
dba.plotHeatmap	Heatmap

Related Skills

• peak-calling - Generate input peak files
• peak-annotation - Annotate differential peaks
• differential-expression - Compare with RNA-seq
• pathway-analysis - Functional enrichment