Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: STAR 2.7.11+, pandas 2.2+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python:

  pip show <package>

  then

  help(module.function)

  to check signatures
• R:

  packageVersion('<pkg>')

  then

  ?function_name

  to verify parameters
• CLI:

  <tool> --version

  then

  <tool> --help

  to confirm flags

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Differential Splicing

Detect differential alternative splicing events between experimental conditions.

Tool Comparison

rMATS-turbo Analysis

Goal: Detect statistically significant differential splicing events between two conditions from BAM files.

Approach: Run rMATS-turbo on condition-grouped BAMs, then filter results by FDR and delta PSI thresholds.

"Find differential splicing between conditions" -> Compare junction-level inclusion across sample groups with statistical testing.

• CLI/Python:

  rmats.py

  + pandas filtering (rMATS-turbo)
• Python/CLI:

  suppa.py diffSplice

  (SUPPA2, TPM-based)
• R:

  leafcutter_ds.R

  (leafcutter, annotation-free)

# Create sample lists (one BAM path per line)
# condition1_bams.txt: /path/to/sample1.bam, /path/to/sample2.bam, ...
# condition2_bams.txt: /path/to/sample3.bam, /path/to/sample4.bam, ...

rmats.py \
    --b1 condition1_bams.txt \
    --b2 condition2_bams.txt \
    --gtf annotation.gtf \
    -t paired \
    --readLength 150 \
    --nthread 8 \
    --od rmats_output \
    --tmp rmats_tmp

import pandas as pd

# Load results for skipped exons
se = pd.read_csv('rmats_output/SE.MATS.JC.txt', sep='\t')

# Filter significant differential splicing events
# |deltaPSI| > 0.1 (lenient) or > 0.2 (stringent)
# FDR < 0.05
significant = se[
    (se['FDR'] < 0.05) &
    (se['IncLevelDifference'].abs() > 0.1)
].copy()

print(f'{len(significant)} significant SE events')
print(significant[['GeneID', 'geneSymbol', 'IncLevelDifference', 'FDR']].head(10))

# Additional filtering by junction read support
# Require at least 10 reads supporting each junction type
significant = significant[
    (significant['IJC_SAMPLE_1'].str.split(',').apply(lambda x: min(map(int, x))) >= 10) |
    (significant['SJC_SAMPLE_1'].str.split(',').apply(lambda x: min(map(int, x))) >= 10)
]

SUPPA2 Differential Analysis

Goal: Identify differential splicing from transcript quantification without alignment.

Approach: Compare per-event PSI distributions between conditions using SUPPA2 empirical p-value calculation.

import subprocess

# Requires PSI files from suppa.py psiPerEvent
# TPM file with samples from both conditions

# Run differential splicing
subprocess.run([
    'suppa.py', 'diffSplice',
    '-m', 'empirical',  # Empirical p-value calculation
    '-i', 'events_SE_strict.ioe',
    '-p', 'condition1.psi', 'condition2.psi',
    '-e', 'condition1.tpm', 'condition2.tpm',
    '-o', 'diff_SE'
], check=True)

# Load results
import pandas as pd
diff = pd.read_csv('diff_SE.dpsi', sep='\t', index_col=0)

# SUPPA2 tends to be more stringent
significant = diff[
    (diff['p-value'] < 0.05) &
    (diff['dPSI'].abs() > 0.1)
]

leafcutter Analysis

Goal: Detect differential intron usage without relying on transcript annotation.

Approach: Extract junctions from BAMs, cluster introns by shared splice sites, then test differential usage between groups.

library(leafcutter)

# Convert BAMs to junction files
# leafcutter_bam_to_junc.sh uses regtools
system('for bam in *.bam; do
    regtools junctions extract -a 8 -m 50 -s 0 $bam -o ${bam%.bam}.junc
done')

# Create junction file list
writeLines(list.files(pattern = '\\.junc$'), 'juncfiles.txt')

# Cluster introns
system('python leafcutter_cluster_regtools.py -j juncfiles.txt -o leafcutter')

# Run differential analysis
groups <- data.frame(
    sample = c('sample1', 'sample2', 'sample3', 'sample4'),
    group = c('control', 'control', 'treatment', 'treatment')
)
write.table(groups, 'groups.txt', sep = '\t', quote = FALSE, row.names = FALSE)

# Differential intron usage
system('leafcutter_ds.R --num_threads 4 leafcutter_perind_numers.counts.gz groups.txt')

Significance Thresholds

Result Prioritization

Goal: Rank differential splicing events by combined statistical and biological significance.

Approach: Compute a composite score from FDR and effect size, then select top-scoring events for follow-up.

# Prioritize by effect size and significance
significant['score'] = -np.log10(significant['FDR']) * significant['IncLevelDifference'].abs()
top_events = significant.nlargest(50, 'score')

# Annotate with gene function
# Consider protein domain disruption, NMD sensitivity

Related Skills

• splicing-quantification - Calculate PSI values first
• isoform-switching - Functional consequence analysis
• sashimi-plots - Visualize significant events
• read-alignment/star-alignment - STAR 2-pass alignment required