Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: BioPython 1.83+, TreeTime 0.11+, scanpy 1.10+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python:

  pip show <package>

  then

  help(module.function)

  to check signatures
• CLI:

  <tool> --version

  then

  <tool> --help

  to confirm flags

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Phylodynamics

"Build a time-scaled tree for my outbreak" → Estimate divergence times and molecular clock rates from dated sequences to reconstruct outbreak timing and evolutionary dynamics.

• Python:

  treetime.TreeTime()

  for maximum likelihood time-scaled trees
• CLI:

  treetime --tree tree.nwk --aln aln.fasta --dates dates.tsv

TreeTime Basic Usage

from treetime import TreeTime
from Bio import Phylo

# Load tree and alignment
tree = Phylo.read('tree.nwk', 'newick')

# Create TreeTime object with dates
# dates_file: tab-separated with columns 'name' and 'date'
# Date formats: 2020.5, 2020-06-15, numeric (decimal year)
tt = TreeTime(
    tree=tree,
    aln='alignment.fasta',
    dates='dates.tsv',
    gtr='JC69'  # Nucleotide model: JC69, HKY85, GTR
)

# Run molecular clock analysis
tt.run(
    root='best',           # Root optimization: 'best', 'least-squares', or clade name
    Tc='skyline',          # Coalescent prior: None, 'skyline', 'opt', or numeric
    time_marginal='assign_ml'  # Date estimation method
)

# Access results
print(f'Root date: {tt.tree.root.numdate:.2f}')
print(f'Clock rate: {tt.clock_rate:.2e} subs/site/year')

TreeTime CLI

# Install treetime
pip install phylo-treetime

# Basic time tree
treetime --tree tree.nwk --aln alignment.fasta --dates dates.tsv --outdir results/

# With coalescent prior (for population dynamics)
treetime --tree tree.nwk --aln alignment.fasta --dates dates.tsv \
    --coalescent skyline --outdir results/

# Ancestral sequence reconstruction
treetime ancestral --tree tree.nwk --aln alignment.fasta --outdir results/

# Mugration (discrete trait analysis, e.g., geographic spread)
treetime mugration --tree tree.nwk --states locations.tsv \
    --attribute location --outdir results/

Date File Format

Goal: Prepare a correctly formatted date file mapping sample names to decimal-year collection dates for TreeTime input.

Approach: Extract name and date columns from metadata, convert dates to decimal year format, and write as a tab-separated file with 'name' and 'date' headers.

def prepare_date_file(metadata, name_col, date_col, output_path):
    '''Prepare dates file for TreeTime

    Date formats accepted:
    - Decimal year: 2020.5 (July 2020)
    - ISO format: 2020-06-15
    - Year only: 2020 (treated as midpoint)

    For incomplete dates, use ranges:
    - [2020.0:2020.5] for first half of 2020
    '''
    dates = metadata[[name_col, date_col]].copy()
    dates.columns = ['name', 'date']

    # Convert to decimal year if needed
    dates['date'] = dates['date'].apply(convert_to_decimal_year)

    dates.to_csv(output_path, sep='\t', index=False)
    return output_path


def convert_to_decimal_year(date_str):
    '''Convert date string to decimal year'''
    from datetime import datetime

    if isinstance(date_str, (int, float)):
        return float(date_str)

    try:
        dt = datetime.strptime(str(date_str), '%Y-%m-%d')
        year = dt.year
        day_of_year = dt.timetuple().tm_yday
        days_in_year = 366 if (year % 4 == 0) else 365
        return year + (day_of_year - 1) / days_in_year
    except:
        return float(date_str)  # Assume already decimal

Interpret Clock Results

def interpret_clock_rate(rate, genome_length):
    '''Interpret molecular clock rate

    Args:
        rate: Substitutions per site per year
        genome_length: Genome size in bp

    Returns:
        Estimated substitutions per year (genome-wide)

    Typical rates:
    - RNA viruses: 10^-3 to 10^-4 subs/site/year
    - SARS-CoV-2: ~8×10^-4 (24 subs/year for 30kb genome)
    - Bacteria: 10^-6 to 10^-7 subs/site/year
    - E. coli: ~10^-7 (5 SNPs/genome/year)
    '''
    subs_per_year = rate * genome_length

    print(f'Clock rate: {rate:.2e} subs/site/year')
    print(f'Genome-wide: ~{subs_per_year:.1f} substitutions/year')

    # Estimate time to MRCA from SNP distance
    example_snps = 10
    time_estimate = example_snps / (2 * subs_per_year)
    print(f'{example_snps} SNPs = ~{time_estimate:.1f} years since MRCA')

Skyline Plot (Population Dynamics)

Goal: Extract effective population size trajectory over time from a TreeTime coalescent skyline analysis.

Approach: Parse the skyline JSON output from TreeTime to retrieve time points and corresponding Ne estimates for plotting population dynamics.

def extract_skyline(treetime_results_dir):
    '''Extract coalescent skyline from TreeTime output

    Skyline shows effective population size over time.
    Useful for:
    - Detecting population expansions (outbreak growth)
    - Identifying bottlenecks
    - Estimating R0 from growth rate
    '''
    import json

    with open(f'{treetime_results_dir}/skyline.json') as f:
        skyline = json.load(f)

    times = skyline['times']
    Ne = skyline['Ne']  # Effective population size

    return times, Ne

BEAST2 Integration

def prepare_beast_xml(alignment, dates, template='strict_clock'):
    '''Prepare BEAST2 XML configuration

    BEAST2 templates:
    - strict_clock: Single clock rate (simple outbreaks)
    - relaxed_clock: Rate variation (diverse sampling)
    - bdsky: Birth-death skyline (epidemic dynamics)

    Note: BEAST2 requires more setup than TreeTime but provides
    full Bayesian uncertainty estimates.
    '''
    # BEAST2 typically configured via BEAUti GUI
    # For automation, use templates from beast2.org

    print('BEAST2 setup:')
    print('1. Install BEAST2: https://beast2.org')
    print('2. Run BEAUti to configure analysis')
    print('3. Execute: beast -threads 4 analysis.xml')
    print('4. Summarize: treeannotator -burnin 10 trees.trees output.tree')

Related Skills

• epidemiological-genomics/transmission-inference - Infer who-infected-whom
• phylogenetics/modern-tree-inference - Build input phylogeny
• epidemiological-genomics/variant-surveillance - Track lineage dynamics