Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: COBRApy 0.29+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python:

  pip show <package>

  then

  help(module.function)

  to check signatures

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Gene Essentiality Analysis

"Predict which genes are essential for growth in my organism" → Perform in silico single and double gene knockouts on a metabolic model, identifying genes whose deletion abolishes growth and synthetic lethal pairs for drug target discovery.

• Python:

  cobra.flux_analysis.single_gene_deletion()

  ,

  cobra.flux_analysis.double_gene_deletion()

  (COBRApy)

Single Gene Knockouts

Goal: Identify essential genes by simulating single gene deletions and measuring growth impact on a metabolic model.

Approach: Perform in silico single gene deletions across all model genes, compare post-deletion growth to wild-type, and classify genes as essential (lethal), growth-reducing, or non-essential based on growth ratio thresholds.

import cobra
from cobra.flux_analysis import single_gene_deletion

model = cobra.io.load_model('textbook')

# Perform all single gene deletions
# Returns growth rate with each gene knocked out
deletion_results = single_gene_deletion(model)

# deletion_results is a DataFrame with:
# - ids: gene IDs (frozenset)
# - growth: growth rate after deletion
# - status: solver status

# Find essential genes (no growth when deleted)
# Essential: growth < 0.01 (allowing for numerical tolerance)
essential = deletion_results[deletion_results['growth'] < 0.01]
print(f'Essential genes: {len(essential)}')

Classify Gene Essentiality

def classify_gene_essentiality(model, growth_threshold=0.1):
    '''Classify genes by their impact on growth

    Categories:
    - Essential: Growth < 1% of WT (lethal)
    - Growth-reducing: 1-50% of WT
    - Non-essential: >50% of WT
    '''
    from cobra.flux_analysis import single_gene_deletion

    # Get wild-type growth
    wt_growth = model.optimize().objective_value

    # Run deletions
    results = single_gene_deletion(model)
    results['relative_growth'] = results['growth'] / wt_growth

    # Classify
    results['classification'] = 'non-essential'
    results.loc[results['relative_growth'] < 0.5, 'classification'] = 'growth-reducing'
    results.loc[results['relative_growth'] < 0.01, 'classification'] = 'essential'

    classification_counts = results['classification'].value_counts()
    return results, classification_counts

Synthetic Lethality

from cobra.flux_analysis import double_gene_deletion

# Warning: O(n^2) complexity - can be slow for large models
# For full E. coli (~1500 genes), this is ~1M combinations

# Subset to genes of interest
genes_of_interest = [g.id for g in model.genes[:50]]

# Run double deletions
double_results = double_gene_deletion(
    model,
    gene_list1=genes_of_interest,
    gene_list2=genes_of_interest
)

# Find synthetic lethal pairs
# Synthetic lethal: double KO is lethal when singles are viable

# Get single deletion results first
single_results = single_gene_deletion(model, gene_list=genes_of_interest)
single_dict = {list(ids)[0]: growth for ids, growth in
               zip(single_results['ids'], single_results['growth'])}

Identify Synthetic Lethal Pairs

def find_synthetic_lethal_pairs(model, genes=None, growth_threshold=0.01):
    '''Find synthetic lethal gene pairs

    Synthetic lethality criteria:
    - Single KO of gene A: viable (growth > threshold)
    - Single KO of gene B: viable (growth > threshold)
    - Double KO of A+B: lethal (growth < threshold)

    Useful for:
    - Drug combination targets
    - Genetic interaction networks
    - Backup pathway identification
    '''
    from cobra.flux_analysis import single_gene_deletion, double_gene_deletion

    if genes is None:
        genes = [g.id for g in model.genes]

    # Single deletions
    single = single_gene_deletion(model, gene_list=genes)
    viable_singles = single[single['growth'] > growth_threshold]
    viable_genes = [list(ids)[0] for ids in viable_singles['ids']]

    # Double deletions (only for viable single KOs)
    double = double_gene_deletion(model, gene_list1=viable_genes,
                                  gene_list2=viable_genes)

    # Find synthetic lethal pairs
    sl_pairs = []
    for _, row in double.iterrows():
        genes_in_pair = list(row['ids'])
        if len(genes_in_pair) == 2 and row['growth'] < growth_threshold:
            sl_pairs.append({
                'gene1': genes_in_pair[0],
                'gene2': genes_in_pair[1],
                'double_ko_growth': row['growth']
            })

    return sl_pairs

Condition-Specific Essentiality

def compare_essentiality_conditions(model, conditions):
    '''Compare gene essentiality across conditions

    Args:
        conditions: dict mapping condition name to media setup function

    Example:
        conditions = {
            'aerobic': lambda m: m.reactions.EX_o2_e.lower_bound = -20,
            'anaerobic': lambda m: m.reactions.EX_o2_e.lower_bound = 0
        }
    '''
    from cobra.flux_analysis import single_gene_deletion

    essentiality_by_condition = {}

    for condition_name, setup_func in conditions.items():
        with model:
            setup_func(model)
            results = single_gene_deletion(model)
            essential = set(list(ids)[0] for ids in
                          results[results['growth'] < 0.01]['ids'])
            essentiality_by_condition[condition_name] = essential

    # Find condition-specific essential genes
    all_essential = set.union(*essentiality_by_condition.values())
    core_essential = set.intersection(*essentiality_by_condition.values())
    condition_specific = {cond: ess - core_essential
                         for cond, ess in essentiality_by_condition.items()}

    return {
        'core_essential': core_essential,
        'condition_specific': condition_specific,
        'total_essential': len(all_essential)
    }

Robustness Analysis

def gene_robustness_analysis(model, gene_id, flux_levels=10):
    '''Analyze growth as function of gene expression level

    Instead of complete knockout, simulate reduced expression
    by constraining reactions associated with the gene.
    '''
    from cobra.flux_analysis import flux_variability_analysis

    gene = model.genes.get_by_id(gene_id)

    # Get reactions associated with this gene
    rxns = list(gene.reactions)

    results = []
    for level in [i/flux_levels for i in range(flux_levels + 1)]:
        with model:
            for rxn in rxns:
                # Get FVA bounds at wild-type
                fva = flux_variability_analysis(model, reaction_list=[rxn])
                max_flux = fva.loc[rxn.id, 'maximum']
                min_flux = fva.loc[rxn.id, 'minimum']

                # Constrain to fraction of wild-type
                rxn.upper_bound = max_flux * level
                rxn.lower_bound = min_flux * level

            sol = model.optimize()
            results.append({
                'expression_level': level,
                'growth': sol.objective_value
            })

    return results

Related Skills

• systems-biology/flux-balance-analysis - Base FBA methods
• pathway-analysis/go-enrichment - Enrich essential gene sets
• clinical-databases/variant-prioritization - Link to disease genes