Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: R stats (base), pandas 2.2+, statsmodels 0.14+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python:

  pip show <package>

  then

  help(module.function)

  to check signatures
• R:

  packageVersion('<pkg>')

  then

  ?function_name

  to verify parameters

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Circadian Rhythm Detection

"Test which genes in my time-course data have circadian rhythms" → Fit cosinor models at a specified period (typically 24h) to expression time series, estimating amplitude, phase (acrophase), and rhythmicity significance for each gene.

• Python:

  CosinorPy.cosinor.fit_group()

  for cosinor regression
• R:

  MetaCycle::meta2d()

  for multi-method rhythmicity testing (JTK_CYCLE + ARSER)

Identifies periodic gene expression patterns at known periods (typically 24h) using cosinor regression, non-parametric rhythmicity tests, and meta-analysis approaches combining multiple methods.

Core Workflow

1. Prepare time-series expression matrix (genes x timepoints)
2. Fit cosinor models or apply rhythmicity tests at specified period
3. Extract rhythm parameters: amplitude, phase (acrophase), p-value
4. Correct for multiple testing (BH FDR)
5. Filter significant rhythmic genes and characterize phase distribution

CosinorPy (Python)

Goal: Test for circadian rhythmicity in time-series expression data by fitting cosinor models at a known period (typically 24h) and estimating amplitude, phase, and significance.

Approach: Fit single- or multi-component cosine curves to each gene's expression profile using CosinorPy, apply batch processing across all genes, and correct p-values with BH FDR to identify significant oscillators.

Single-Component Cosinor

Fits

y = M + A*cos(2*pi*t/T + phi)

where M = MESOR, A = amplitude, phi = acrophase.

import pandas as pd
from cosinorpy import file_parser, cosinor, cosinor1

df = file_parser.read_csv('expression_timecourse.csv')

# Single-component cosinor fit for one gene
# period=24: standard circadian period in hours
# fit_me takes X (time) and Y (expression) arrays, returns a tuple
gene_data = df[df['test'] == 'test_gene']
res = cosinor.fit_me(gene_data['x'].values, gene_data['y'].values, period=24, n_components=1)

Multi-Component Cosinor

Fits harmonics to capture non-sinusoidal waveforms (e.g., sharp peaks).

# n_components=2: adds 12h harmonic to capture asymmetric waveforms
res_multi = cosinor.fit_me(gene_data['x'].values, gene_data['y'].values, period=24, n_components=2)

# n_components=3: adds 8h harmonic; rarely needed unless waveform is highly complex
res_3 = cosinor.fit_me(gene_data['x'].values, gene_data['y'].values, period=24, n_components=3)

Population-Mean Cosinor

Combines individual fits across biological replicates or subjects.

# Population-mean cosinor across multiple subjects
# Estimates group-level amplitude/phase with confidence intervals
pop_results = cosinor1.population_fit_cosinor(
    df, period=24, save_to='results/'
)

Batch Processing

# Genome-wide cosinor analysis via fit_group
# fit_group expects long-format DataFrame with columns: 'x' (time), 'y' (expression), 'test' (gene name)
results_df = cosinor.fit_group(df, period=24)

# BH correction for multiple testing (fit_group output has 'p' column; no built-in q-values)
from statsmodels.stats.multitest import multipletests
reject, qvals, _, _ = multipletests(results_df['p'], method='fdr_bh')
results_df['q_value'] = qvals
# q < 0.05: standard FDR threshold for rhythmicity
rhythmic = results_df[results_df['q_value'] < 0.05]

MetaCycle (R)

Integrates JTK_CYCLE, ARSER, and Lomb-Scargle into a single meta-analysis framework.

library(MetaCycle)

# meta2d integrates results from multiple methods
# cycMethod='JTK': JTK_CYCLE is the most widely used; robust and non-parametric
# minper=20, maxper=28: search window around 24h; allows detection of near-circadian periods
# timepoints: actual sampling times in hours (must match column order)
meta2d(
    infile = 'expression_matrix.csv',
    filestyle = 'csv',
    outdir = 'metacycle_results/',
    timepoints = seq(0, 44, by = 4),
    cycMethod = c('JTK', 'ARS', 'LS'),
    minper = 20,
    maxper = 28,
    outputFile = TRUE,
    outRawData = FALSE
)

# JTK_CYCLE alone (faster, suitable for evenly sampled data)
meta2d(
    infile = 'expression_matrix.csv',
    filestyle = 'csv',
    outdir = 'jtk_results/',
    timepoints = seq(0, 44, by = 4),
    cycMethod = 'JTK',
    minper = 24,
    maxper = 24
)

MetaCycle Output Interpretation (R stats (base)+)

results <- read.csv('metacycle_results/meta2d_expression_matrix.csv')

# meta2d_pvalue: Fisher integration of per-method p-values
# meta2d_BH.Q: BH-corrected q-value across all genes
# meta2d_period: estimated period (hours)
# meta2d_phase: estimated peak time (hours from ZT0)
# meta2d_AMP: amplitude (half peak-to-trough distance)
# meta2d_rAMP: relative amplitude (AMP / baseline); robust across expression levels

# q < 0.05: standard FDR threshold
rhythmic <- results[results$meta2d_BH.Q < 0.05, ]

RAIN (R/Bioconductor)

Non-parametric test that handles asymmetric waveforms (e.g., rapid induction, slow decay).

library(rain)

# expression_mat: genes x timepoints matrix
# period=24: test for 24h rhythmicity
# deltat=4: sampling interval in hours
# nr.series=2: number of biological replicates per timepoint
# nr.series=2: samples per timepoint are grouped as replicates
results <- rain(
    t(expression_mat),
    period = 24,
    deltat = 4,
    nr.series = 2,
    method = 'independent'
)

# Adjust for multiple testing
results$q_value <- p.adjust(results$pVal, method = 'BH')
# q < 0.05: standard FDR threshold for rhythmicity detection
rhythmic <- results[results$q_value < 0.05, ]

DiscoRhythm (R/Bioconductor)

Comprehensive framework with both scripted and interactive (Shiny) interfaces.

library(DiscoRhythm)

# Scripted analysis pipeline
se <- discoGetSimu(TRUE)
disco_results <- discoBatch(se, report = NULL, osc_period = 24)

Parameter Guide

Parameter	Typical Value	Rationale
Period	24h	Standard circadian period; use 12h for ultradian
Sampling interval	2-4h	Nyquist: must sample at least 2x per period (every 12h minimum)
Minimum cycles	>=2 complete cycles	One cycle cannot distinguish trend from oscillation
Minimum timepoints	>=6 per cycle	JTK_CYCLE requires >=6; more improves power
FDR threshold	q < 0.05	Standard multiple testing correction
Amplitude cutoff	Context-dependent	Often top 25th percentile of amplitudes among significant genes
Relative amplitude	rAMP > 0.1	Filters low-amplitude oscillations; 10% of baseline is minimal biological relevance

Method Selection

Method	Best For	Limitations
Cosinor	Parametric estimation, sinusoidal waveforms	Assumes sinusoidal shape
JTK_CYCLE	Robust non-parametric, evenly sampled	Requires even sampling
ARSER	Handles non-sinusoidal, spectral decomposition	Slower, needs longer series
RAIN	Asymmetric waveforms	Less power for symmetric waves
Lomb-Scargle	Uneven sampling	See periodicity-detection for unknown periods

Related Skills

• periodicity-detection - Unknown-period discovery with Lomb-Scargle and wavelets
• temporal-clustering - Group rhythmic genes by phase
• differential-expression/timeseries-de - Temporal DE testing
• data-visualization/heatmaps-clustering - Circular phase heatmaps