Version Compatibility

Reference examples tested with: matplotlib 3.8+, numpy 1.26+, scanpy 1.10+, squidpy 1.3+

Before using code patterns, verify installed versions match. If versions differ:

• Python:

  pip show <package>

  then

  help(module.function)

  to check signatures

If code throws ImportError, AttributeError, or TypeError, introspect the installed package and adapt the example to match the actual API rather than retrying.

Spatial Transcriptomics Pipeline

"Analyze my spatial transcriptomics data end-to-end" → Orchestrate data loading (squidpy/scanpy), QC, normalization, spatial domain detection, deconvolution (cell2location), spatial neighbor analysis, cell-cell communication, and tissue visualization.

Complete workflow for analyzing Visium, Xenium, or other spatial transcriptomics data.

Workflow Overview

Spatial data (Space Ranger output)
    |
    v
[1. Load Data] ---------> Read Visium/Xenium
    |
    v
[2. QC & Preprocessing] -> Filter, normalize
    |
    v
[3. Clustering] --------> Standard scRNA-seq clustering
    |
    v
[4. Spatial Analysis] --> Neighbors, statistics
    |
    v
[5. Domain Detection] --> Spatial domains
    |
    v
[6. Visualization] -----> Spatial plots
    |
    v
Annotated spatial data

Primary Path: Squidpy + Scanpy

Step 1: Load Data

import scanpy as sc
import squidpy as sq
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Load Visium data (Space Ranger output)
adata = sq.read.visium('spaceranger_output/')

# Or load from specific files
adata = sc.read_10x_h5('filtered_feature_bc_matrix.h5')
adata.uns['spatial'] = ...  # Add spatial info

# For Xenium
adata = sq.read.xenium('xenium_output/')

print(f'Loaded: {adata.n_obs} spots/cells, {adata.n_vars} genes')

Step 2: Quality Control

# QC metrics
adata.var['mt'] = adata.var_names.str.startswith('MT-')
sc.pp.calculate_qc_metrics(adata, qc_vars=['mt'], inplace=True)

# Visualize QC
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(15, 4))
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color='total_counts', ax=axes[0], show=False)
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color='n_genes_by_counts', ax=axes[1], show=False)
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color='pct_counts_mt', ax=axes[2], show=False)
plt.savefig('qc_spatial.pdf')

# Filter
sc.pp.filter_cells(adata, min_counts=500)
sc.pp.filter_cells(adata, min_genes=200)
sc.pp.filter_genes(adata, min_cells=10)
adata = adata[adata.obs.pct_counts_mt < 25, :]

print(f'After QC: {adata.n_obs} spots/cells')

Step 3: Normalization and Clustering

# Store raw counts
adata.layers['counts'] = adata.X.copy()

# Normalize
sc.pp.normalize_total(adata, target_sum=1e4)
sc.pp.log1p(adata)

# HVGs
sc.pp.highly_variable_genes(adata, n_top_genes=2000)

# PCA and clustering
adata.raw = adata
adata = adata[:, adata.var.highly_variable]
sc.pp.scale(adata, max_value=10)
sc.tl.pca(adata, n_comps=50)
sc.pp.neighbors(adata, n_neighbors=15, n_pcs=30)
sc.tl.umap(adata)
sc.tl.leiden(adata, resolution=0.5)

# Visualize clusters in space
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color='leiden', spot_size=1.5)
plt.savefig('clusters_spatial.pdf')

Step 4: Spatial Analysis

# Build spatial neighbors graph
sq.gr.spatial_neighbors(adata, coord_type='generic', n_neighs=6)

# Neighborhood enrichment (which clusters are neighbors)
sq.gr.nhood_enrichment(adata, cluster_key='leiden')
sq.pl.nhood_enrichment(adata, cluster_key='leiden')
plt.savefig('nhood_enrichment.pdf')

# Co-occurrence analysis
sq.gr.co_occurrence(adata, cluster_key='leiden')
sq.pl.co_occurrence(adata, cluster_key='leiden')
plt.savefig('co_occurrence.pdf')

# Spatially variable genes
sq.gr.spatial_autocorr(adata, mode='moran', n_perms=100, n_jobs=4)

# Top spatially variable genes
svg = adata.uns['moranI'].sort_values('I', ascending=False)
top_svg = svg.head(20).index.tolist()
print('Top spatially variable genes:', top_svg[:10])

Step 5: Domain Detection

# Spatial domain detection using clustering with spatial constraints
# Option 1: Use spatial neighbors for Leiden clustering
sq.gr.spatial_neighbors(adata, coord_type='generic', n_neighs=15)
sc.tl.leiden(adata, resolution=0.3, key_added='spatial_domains',
             adjacency=adata.obsp['spatial_connectivities'])

# Visualize domains
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color='spatial_domains', spot_size=1.5)
plt.savefig('spatial_domains.pdf')

# Compare transcriptomic vs spatial clusters
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color=['leiden', 'spatial_domains'], ncols=2)
plt.savefig('clusters_comparison.pdf')

Step 6: Visualization

# Gene expression in space
genes = ['EPCAM', 'VIM', 'PTPRC', 'COL1A1']
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color=genes, ncols=2, spot_size=1.5, cmap='viridis')
plt.savefig('marker_genes_spatial.pdf')

# Cluster markers in space
sc.tl.rank_genes_groups(adata, 'leiden', method='wilcoxon')
sc.pl.rank_genes_groups_dotplot(adata, n_genes=5)
plt.savefig('cluster_markers.pdf')

# Save
adata.write('spatial_analyzed.h5ad')

Complete Workflow Script

import scanpy as sc
import squidpy as sq
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import os

# Configuration
data_dir = 'spaceranger_output'
output_dir = 'spatial_results'
os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
os.makedirs(f'{output_dir}/plots', exist_ok=True)

# Load
print('Loading data...')
adata = sq.read.visium(data_dir)
print(f'Loaded: {adata.n_obs} spots, {adata.n_vars} genes')

# QC
print('QC filtering...')
adata.var['mt'] = adata.var_names.str.startswith('MT-')
sc.pp.calculate_qc_metrics(adata, qc_vars=['mt'], inplace=True)
sc.pp.filter_cells(adata, min_counts=500)
sc.pp.filter_genes(adata, min_cells=10)
adata = adata[adata.obs.pct_counts_mt < 25, :]
print(f'After QC: {adata.n_obs} spots')

# Normalize and cluster
print('Processing...')
adata.layers['counts'] = adata.X.copy()
sc.pp.normalize_total(adata, target_sum=1e4)
sc.pp.log1p(adata)
sc.pp.highly_variable_genes(adata, n_top_genes=2000)
adata.raw = adata
adata = adata[:, adata.var.highly_variable]
sc.pp.scale(adata, max_value=10)
sc.tl.pca(adata, n_comps=50)
sc.pp.neighbors(adata, n_neighbors=15, n_pcs=30)
sc.tl.leiden(adata, resolution=0.5)

# Spatial analysis
print('Spatial analysis...')
sq.gr.spatial_neighbors(adata, coord_type='generic', n_neighs=6)
sq.gr.nhood_enrichment(adata, cluster_key='leiden')
sq.gr.spatial_autocorr(adata, mode='moran', n_perms=100)

# Plots
print('Creating plots...')
sc.pl.spatial(adata, color='leiden', spot_size=1.5, save='_clusters.pdf')
sq.pl.nhood_enrichment(adata, cluster_key='leiden', save='_nhood.pdf')

# Save
adata.write(f'{output_dir}/spatial_analyzed.h5ad')
print(f'Results saved to {output_dir}/')

Related Skills

• spatial-transcriptomics/spatial-data-io - Loading formats
• spatial-transcriptomics/spatial-preprocessing - QC details
• spatial-transcriptomics/spatial-statistics - Moran's I, co-occurrence
• spatial-transcriptomics/spatial-domains - Domain detection methods
• spatial-transcriptomics/spatial-deconvolution - Cell type estimation