CSS Modules

Scope CSS to components with CSS Modules for collision-free class names and co-located styles

When to Use

• Writing traditional CSS but needing guaranteed scoped class names
• Projects that prefer CSS files over utility classes
• Combining with Tailwind for component-specific styles that utilities cannot express
• Next.js or Vite projects where CSS Modules work out of the box

Instructions

1. Name files with

   .module.css

   suffix:

   Button.module.css

   . The bundler generates unique class names.
2. Import styles as an object:

   import styles from './Button.module.css'

   .
3. Apply classes via the styles object:

   className={styles.button}

   .
4. Use

   composes

   to inherit styles from other classes or modules.
5. For dynamic classes, use bracket notation:

   styles[variant]

   .
6. CSS Modules are locally scoped by default. Use

   :global(.class)

   to escape scoping.

/* Button.module.css */
.button {
  display: inline-flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
  border-radius: 0.375rem;
  font-weight: 500;
  transition: all 0.2s;
}

.primary {
  composes: button;
  background-color: var(--color-primary);
  color: white;
}

.primary:hover {
  filter: brightness(1.1);
}

.secondary {
  composes: button;
  background-color: var(--color-gray-100);
  color: var(--color-gray-900);
}

.large {
  padding: 0.75rem 1.5rem;
  font-size: 1.125rem;
}

.fullWidth {
  width: 100%;
}

// Button.tsx
import styles from './Button.module.css';
import clsx from 'clsx';

interface ButtonProps {
  variant?: 'primary' | 'secondary';
  size?: 'default' | 'large';
  fullWidth?: boolean;
  children: React.ReactNode;
}

function Button({ variant = 'primary', size = 'default', fullWidth, children }: ButtonProps) {
  return (
    <button
      className={clsx(
        styles[variant],
        size === 'large' && styles.large,
        fullWidth && styles.fullWidth
      )}
    >
      {children}
    </button>
  );
}

Details

How it works: The bundler (Webpack, Vite, Next.js) transforms class names from

.button

to

.Button_button_a1b2c

(component name + class name + hash). This guarantees no collisions between components.

TypeScript support: Generate type declarations for CSS Modules:

# typed-css-modules
npm install -D typed-css-modules
tcm src/

# Or use the Vite plugin
npm install -D vite-plugin-css-modules-typescript

This creates

.module.css.d.ts

files:

// Button.module.css.d.ts
declare const styles: {
  readonly button: string;
  readonly primary: string;
  readonly secondary: string;
  readonly large: string;
  readonly fullWidth: string;
};
export default styles;

composes keyword: Inherit styles from other classes:

.base {
  padding: 1rem;
  border-radius: 0.5rem;
}
.error {
  composes: base;
  border: 2px solid red;
}
/* .error gets both base and error styles */

/* Compose from another module */
.card {
  composes: surface from './shared.module.css';
}

:global escape hatch: Apply a class globally (useful for overriding library styles):

.wrapper :global(.third-party-class) {
  color: red;
}

CSS Modules + Tailwind: Use CSS Modules for complex styles and Tailwind for utilities:

<div className={clsx(styles.card, 'p-4 flex gap-2')}>

When to use CSS Modules vs Tailwind: CSS Modules are better for complex pseudo-selectors, animations with many keyframes, and teams that prefer traditional CSS. Tailwind is better for rapid iteration and design consistency.

Source

https://github.com/css-modules/css-modules

Process

1. Read the instructions and examples in this document.
2. Apply the patterns to your implementation, adapting to your specific context.
3. Verify your implementation against the details and edge cases listed above.

Harness Integration

• Type: knowledge — this skill is a reference document, not a procedural workflow.
• No tools or state — consumed as context by other skills and agents.

Success Criteria

• The patterns described in this document are applied correctly in the implementation.
• Edge cases and anti-patterns listed in this document are avoided.