GOF Prototype Pattern

Clone objects using prototype registry and structured clone for deep copy scenarios.

When to Use

• Creating a new object from scratch is expensive (network call, heavy computation) and cloning is cheaper
• You need many variations of a base object with slight differences
• You want to avoid subclassing for object variations — prefer cloning over inheritance
• You maintain a registry of pre-initialized templates to clone on demand

Instructions

Explicit clone method (most control):

interface Cloneable<T> {
  clone(): T;
}

class DocumentTemplate implements Cloneable<DocumentTemplate> {
  constructor(
    public title: string,
    public sections: string[],
    public metadata: Record<string, string>
  ) {}

  clone(): DocumentTemplate {
    return new DocumentTemplate(
      this.title,
      [...this.sections], // shallow copy of array
      { ...this.metadata } // shallow copy of object
    );
  }
}

// Use a cloned base instead of constructing from scratch
const invoiceTemplate = new DocumentTemplate(
  'Invoice',
  ['Header', 'Line Items', 'Total', 'Footer'],
  { type: 'invoice', version: '1.0' }
);

const march = invoiceTemplate.clone();
march.title = 'Invoice - March 2024';
march.metadata['period'] = '2024-03';

structuredClone for deep copies (Node 17+, no custom classes):

interface ConfigSnapshot {
  database: { host: string; port: number; pool: { min: number; max: number } };
  features: string[];
  limits: Record<string, number>;
}

function cloneConfig(config: ConfigSnapshot): ConfigSnapshot {
  return structuredClone(config); // deep clone, no circular reference issues
}

const baseConfig: ConfigSnapshot = {
  database: { host: 'localhost', port: 5432, pool: { min: 2, max: 10 } },
  features: ['auth', 'billing'],
  limits: { rateLimit: 100, timeout: 5000 },
};

const devConfig = cloneConfig(baseConfig);
devConfig.database.pool.max = 2; // doesn't affect baseConfig
devConfig.features.push('debug');

Prototype registry:

class ShapeRegistry {
  private prototypes = new Map<string, Shape>();

  register(name: string, prototype: Shape): void {
    this.prototypes.set(name, prototype);
  }

  create(name: string): Shape {
    const proto = this.prototypes.get(name);
    if (!proto) throw new Error(`Unknown shape prototype: ${name}`);
    return proto.clone();
  }
}

// Pre-warm registry at startup
const registry = new ShapeRegistry();
registry.register('red-circle', new Circle({ radius: 10, color: 'red' }));
registry.register('blue-rect', new Rectangle({ width: 20, height: 10, color: 'blue' }));

// Clone cheaply at runtime
const shape1 = registry.create('red-circle');
const shape2 = registry.create('red-circle');

Object.assign for simple shallow clones:

class UserProfile {
  constructor(
    public name: string,
    public email: string,
    public preferences: { theme: string; locale: string }
  ) {}

  withPreferences(overrides: Partial<typeof this.preferences>): UserProfile {
    return Object.assign(new UserProfile(this.name, this.email, { ...this.preferences }), {
      preferences: { ...this.preferences, ...overrides },
    });
  }
}

Details

Deep vs. shallow clone — pick the right tool:

structuredClone()

clone()

{ ...obj }

Object.assign({}, obj)

[...arr]

arr.slice()

structuredClone limitations: Cannot clone functions, class instances (loses prototype chain), DOM nodes, or WeakMap. If you need class instances, use an explicit

clone()

Anti-patterns:

• Forgetting to deep-copy nested mutable objects — mutations in the clone affect the original
• Cloning objects with circular references without handling them —

  structuredClone

  handles this,

  JSON.parse(JSON.stringify())

  does not
• Treating prototype as a substitute for dependency injection — cloning infrastructure objects (DB pools, HTTP clients) is wrong; inject them instead

JSON round-trip clone (legacy, avoid):

// Works for simple data, but loses: undefined, Date, functions, class prototypes
const copy = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(original));
// Prefer structuredClone() instead

Source

refactoring.guru/design-patterns/prototype

Process

1. Read the instructions and examples in this document.
2. Apply the patterns to your implementation, adapting to your specific context.
3. Verify your implementation against the details and edge cases listed above.

Harness Integration

• Type: knowledge — this skill is a reference document, not a procedural workflow.
• No tools or state — consumed as context by other skills and agents.

Success Criteria

• The patterns described in this document are applied correctly in the implementation.
• Edge cases and anti-patterns listed in this document are avoided.