JS Visitor Pattern

Add new operations to object structures without modifying the objects

When to Use

• You need to perform many unrelated operations on a complex object structure (AST, file tree, DOM)
• Adding new operations should not require changing the element classes
• You want to separate algorithms from the data structures they operate on

Instructions

1. Define an

   accept(visitor)

   method on each element class in the object structure.
2. Each

   accept

   calls the visitor's corresponding method, passing

   this

   (double dispatch).
3. Create visitor objects with one method per element type (e.g.,

   visitFile

   ,

   visitFolder

   ).
4. New operations = new visitor objects, without modifying element classes.

class File {
  constructor(name, size) {
    this.name = name;
    this.size = size;
  }
  accept(visitor) {
    return visitor.visitFile(this);
  }
}

class Folder {
  constructor(name, children) {
    this.name = name;
    this.children = children;
  }
  accept(visitor) {
    return visitor.visitFolder(this);
  }
}

const sizeCalculator = {
  visitFile(file) {
    return file.size;
  },
  visitFolder(folder) {
    return folder.children.reduce((sum, child) => sum + child.accept(this), 0);
  },
};

5. For functional style, use a switch on type tags instead of double dispatch.

Details

The Visitor pattern achieves the open/closed principle by separating operations from the object structure. New operations (visitors) can be added without modifying existing element classes. This is heavily used in compilers and AST processors (e.g., Babel plugins are visitors).

Trade-offs:

• Adding a new element type requires updating all visitors — the pattern favors stable structures with many operations
• Double dispatch adds indirection that can be hard to follow
• In dynamic JavaScript, a type-tag switch may be simpler than the full visitor ceremony

When NOT to use:

• When the object structure changes frequently — every new type breaks every visitor
• When there are few operations — just add methods directly to the classes
• For simple data — a

  map

  /

  reduce

  over an array is clearer

Source

https://patterns.dev/javascript/visitor-pattern

Process

1. Read the instructions and examples in this document.
2. Apply the patterns to your implementation, adapting to your specific context.
3. Verify your implementation against the details and edge cases listed above.

Harness Integration

• Type: knowledge — this skill is a reference document, not a procedural workflow.
• No tools or state — consumed as context by other skills and agents.

Success Criteria

• The patterns described in this document are applied correctly in the implementation.
• Edge cases and anti-patterns listed in this document are avoided.