LangChain Rate Limits

Overview

Handle API rate limits gracefully with built-in retries, exponential backoff, concurrency control, provider fallbacks, and custom rate limiters.

Provider Rate Limits (2026)

RPM = requests/minute, TPM = tokens/minute. Actual limits depend on your tier.

Strategy 1: Built-in Retry (Simplest)

import { ChatOpenAI } from "@langchain/openai";

// Built-in exponential backoff on 429/500/503
const model = new ChatOpenAI({
  model: "gpt-4o-mini",
  maxRetries: 5,      // retries with exponential backoff
  timeout: 30000,     // 30s timeout per request
});

// This automatically retries on rate limit errors
const response = await model.invoke("Hello");

Strategy 2: Concurrency-Controlled Batch

import { ChatOpenAI } from "@langchain/openai";
import { ChatPromptTemplate } from "@langchain/core/prompts";
import { StringOutputParser } from "@langchain/core/output_parsers";

const chain = ChatPromptTemplate.fromTemplate("Summarize: {text}")
  .pipe(new ChatOpenAI({ model: "gpt-4o-mini", maxRetries: 3 }))
  .pipe(new StringOutputParser());

const inputs = articles.map((text) => ({ text }));

// batch() with maxConcurrency prevents flooding the API
const results = await chain.batch(inputs, {
  maxConcurrency: 5,  // max 5 parallel requests
});

Strategy 3: Provider Fallback on Rate Limit

import { ChatOpenAI } from "@langchain/openai";
import { ChatAnthropic } from "@langchain/anthropic";

const primary = new ChatOpenAI({
  model: "gpt-4o-mini",
  maxRetries: 2,
  timeout: 10000,
});

const fallback = new ChatAnthropic({
  model: "claude-sonnet-4-20250514",
  maxRetries: 2,
});

// Automatically switches to Anthropic if OpenAI rate-limits
const resilientModel = primary.withFallbacks({
  fallbacks: [fallback],
});

const chain = prompt.pipe(resilientModel).pipe(new StringOutputParser());

Strategy 4: Custom Rate Limiter

class TokenBucketLimiter {
  private tokens: number;
  private lastRefill: number;

  constructor(
    private maxTokens: number,    // bucket size
    private refillRate: number,   // tokens per second
  ) {
    this.tokens = maxTokens;
    this.lastRefill = Date.now();
  }

  async acquire(): Promise<void> {
    this.refill();
    while (this.tokens < 1) {
      const waitMs = (1 / this.refillRate) * 1000;
      await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, waitMs));
      this.refill();
    }
    this.tokens -= 1;
  }

  private refill() {
    const now = Date.now();
    const elapsed = (now - this.lastRefill) / 1000;
    this.tokens = Math.min(this.maxTokens, this.tokens + elapsed * this.refillRate);
    this.lastRefill = now;
  }
}

// Usage: 100 requests per minute
const limiter = new TokenBucketLimiter(100, 100 / 60);

async function rateLimitedInvoke(chain: any, input: any) {
  await limiter.acquire();
  return chain.invoke(input);
}

Strategy 5: Async Batch with Semaphore

async function batchWithSemaphore<T>(
  chain: { invoke: (input: any) => Promise<T> },
  inputs: any[],
  maxConcurrent = 5,
): Promise<T[]> {
  let active = 0;
  const results: T[] = [];
  const queue = [...inputs.entries()];

  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
    function next() {
      while (active < maxConcurrent && queue.length > 0) {
        const [index, input] = queue.shift()!;
        active++;
        chain.invoke(input)
          .then((result) => {
            results[index] = result;
            active--;
            if (queue.length === 0 && active === 0) resolve(results);
            else next();
          })
          .catch(reject);
      }
    }
    next();
  });
}

// Process 100 items, 5 at a time
const results = await batchWithSemaphore(chain, inputs, 5);

Python Equivalent

from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
from langchain_anthropic import ChatAnthropic
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig

# Built-in retry
llm = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", max_retries=5, request_timeout=30)

# Fallback
primary = ChatOpenAI(model="gpt-4o-mini", max_retries=2)
fallback = ChatAnthropic(model="claude-sonnet-4-20250514")
robust = primary.with_fallbacks([fallback])

# Batch with concurrency control
results = chain.batch(
    [{"text": t} for t in texts],
    config=RunnableConfig(max_concurrency=10),
)

Error Handling

429 Too Many Requests

maxRetries

maxConcurrency

Timeout

timeout

QuotaExceeded

.batch()

returnExceptions: true

Resources

• OpenAI Rate Limits
• Anthropic Rate Limits
• LangChain Batch Processing

Next Steps

Proceed to

langchain-security-basics