OneNote — Performance Tuning & Optimization

Overview

OneNote performance degrades predictably at scale: notebooks with 100+ sections take 3-5 seconds per API call when using

$expand

507 Insufficient Storage

$select

This skill provides tested patterns for every performance bottleneck: selective

$expand

$select

$batch

$top

Key pain points addressed:

• Full

  $expand=sections($expand=pages)

  on large notebooks can take 10+ seconds and return multi-MB responses
• Image uploads silently fail when a single multipart part exceeds 25MB — no error, just missing image

• 507 Insufficient Storage

  when a section hits its page limit (approximately 5,000 pages)
• Page content retrieval (

  GET /pages/{id}/content

  ) is 5-10x slower than metadata-only requests

Prerequisites

• Azure app registration with delegated permissions:

  Notes.ReadWrite

• App-only auth deprecated March 31, 2025 — use delegated auth only
• Python:

  pip install msgraph-sdk azure-identity Pillow

  (Pillow for image compression)
• Node/TypeScript:

  npm install @microsoft/microsoft-graph-client @azure/identity @azure/msal-node sharp

  (sharp for image compression)

Instructions

Step 1 — Use $select to Minimize Payload Size

Every Graph API call should specify

$select

// BAD — returns ~2KB per page with all metadata
const pages = await client.api("/me/onenote/pages").get();

// GOOD — returns ~200 bytes per page with only needed fields
const pages = await client.api("/me/onenote/pages")
  .select("id,title,lastModifiedDateTime")
  .get();

// For notebooks, avoid expanding everything
// BAD — can take 10+ seconds on large notebooks
const notebooks = await client.api("/me/onenote/notebooks")
  .expand("sections($expand=pages)")
  .get();

// GOOD — get structure first, then drill into sections on demand
const notebooks = await client.api("/me/onenote/notebooks")
  .select("id,displayName,lastModifiedDateTime,sectionsUrl")
  .get();

Payload size comparison for a notebook with 50 sections and 500 pages:

$expand

$select

$select

$top(10)

Step 2 — Paginate Large Sections

Sections can accumulate thousands of pages. Always use

$top

async function* iteratePages(client: any, sectionId: string, pageSize: number = 50) {
  let url: string | null =
    `/me/onenote/sections/${sectionId}/pages?$select=id,title,lastModifiedDateTime&$orderby=lastModifiedDateTime desc&$top=${pageSize}`;

  while (url) {
    const response = await client.api(url).get();
    const pages = response.value ?? [];
    for (const page of pages) {
      yield page;
    }
    // Stop if we got fewer than requested
    if (pages.length < pageSize) break;
    url = response["@odata.nextLink"] ?? null;
  }
}

// Usage — process pages lazily
for await (const page of iteratePages(client, sectionId)) {
  console.log(`Processing: ${page.title}`);
  if (shouldStop(page)) break; // Can bail early
}

Step 3 — Image Upload with Size Validation

OneNote accepts images via multipart form data. Each part is limited to 25MB. Images larger than 4MB in the rendered page can cause performance issues in the client. Always validate and compress before upload:

import sharp from "sharp";

interface ImageUploadResult {
  success: boolean;
  originalSize: number;
  compressedSize: number;
  error?: string;
}

async function prepareImageForUpload(
  imageBuffer: Buffer,
  maxSizeBytes: number = 4 * 1024 * 1024, // 4MB target for good page performance
  hardLimit: number = 25 * 1024 * 1024     // 25MB absolute limit per multipart part
): Promise<{ buffer: Buffer; result: ImageUploadResult }> {
  const originalSize = imageBuffer.length;

  if (originalSize > hardLimit) {
    return {
      buffer: imageBuffer,
      result: { success: false, originalSize, compressedSize: originalSize,
        error: `Image exceeds 25MB hard limit (${(originalSize / 1024 / 1024).toFixed(1)}MB)` },
    };
  }

  if (originalSize <= maxSizeBytes) {
    return {
      buffer: imageBuffer,
      result: { success: true, originalSize, compressedSize: originalSize },
    };
  }

  // Progressively compress: reduce quality, then resize
  let compressed = imageBuffer;
  const qualities = [80, 60, 40];

  for (const quality of qualities) {
    compressed = await sharp(imageBuffer)
      .jpeg({ quality, progressive: true })
      .toBuffer();
    if (compressed.length <= maxSizeBytes) break;
  }

  // If still too large, resize
  if (compressed.length > maxSizeBytes) {
    const metadata = await sharp(imageBuffer).metadata();
    const scale = Math.sqrt(maxSizeBytes / compressed.length);
    compressed = await sharp(imageBuffer)
      .resize(Math.round((metadata.width ?? 1920) * scale))
      .jpeg({ quality: 60 })
      .toBuffer();
  }

  return {
    buffer: compressed,
    result: { success: true, originalSize, compressedSize: compressed.length },
  };
}

Supported image formats: TIFF, PNG, GIF, JPEG, BMP. OneNote does not support WebP or AVIF — convert before uploading.

Step 4 — Multipart Page Creation with Images

async function createPageWithImage(
  client: any,
  sectionId: string,
  title: string,
  htmlBody: string,
  imageName: string,
  imageBuffer: Buffer
): Promise<any> {
  // Validate and compress image
  const { buffer, result } = await prepareImageForUpload(imageBuffer);
  if (!result.success) throw new Error(result.error);

  const boundary = `OneNoteBoundary${Date.now()}`;
  const body = [
    `--${boundary}`,
    'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="Presentation"',
    "Content-Type: text/html",
    "",
    `<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>${title}</title></head>`,
    `<body>${htmlBody}<img src="name:${imageName}" alt="${imageName}" /></body></html>`,
    `--${boundary}`,
    `Content-Disposition: form-data; name="${imageName}"`,
    "Content-Type: image/jpeg",
    "",
    buffer.toString("binary"),
    `--${boundary}--`,
  ].join("\r\n");

  return client.api(`/me/onenote/sections/${sectionId}/pages`)
    .header("Content-Type", `multipart/form-data; boundary=${boundary}`)
    .post(body);
}

Step 5 — Batch Requests for Bulk Operations

The

$batch

async function batchGetPageMetadata(
  client: any,
  pageIds: string[]
): Promise<Map<string, any>> {
  const results = new Map<string, any>();
  const BATCH_SIZE = 20;

  for (let i = 0; i < pageIds.length; i += BATCH_SIZE) {
    const chunk = pageIds.slice(i, i + BATCH_SIZE);
    const batchBody = {
      requests: chunk.map((id, idx) => ({
        id: String(idx),
        method: "GET",
        url: `/me/onenote/pages/${id}?$select=id,title,lastModifiedDateTime`,
      })),
    };

    const response = await client.api("/$batch").post(batchBody);

    for (const item of response.responses) {
      if (item.status === 200) {
        results.set(item.body.id, item.body);
      } else if (item.status === 404) {
        // Page was deleted — skip
        console.warn(`Page ${chunk[parseInt(item.id)]} not found`);
      }
    }
  }

  return results;
}

// 200 pages = 10 HTTP requests instead of 200
const metadata = await batchGetPageMetadata(client, twoHundredPageIds);

Step 6 — HTTP 507 Detection and Mitigation

When a section reaches its page limit (approximately 5,000 pages), new page creation returns

507 Insufficient Storage

async function createPageSafe(
  client: any,
  sectionId: string,
  html: string,
  fallbackNotebookId?: string
): Promise<{ page: any; usedFallback: boolean }> {
  try {
    const page = await client.api(
      `/me/onenote/sections/${sectionId}/pages`
    ).header("Content-Type", "text/html").post(html);
    return { page, usedFallback: false };
  } catch (err: any) {
    if (err.statusCode === 507 && fallbackNotebookId) {
      console.warn(`Section ${sectionId} is full — creating overflow section`);

      // Create a new section with a timestamp suffix
      const overflowSection = await client.api(
        `/me/onenote/notebooks/${fallbackNotebookId}/sections`
      ).post({
        displayName: `Overflow - ${new Date().toISOString().slice(0, 10)}`,
      });

      const page = await client.api(
        `/me/onenote/sections/${overflowSection.id}/pages`
      ).header("Content-Type", "text/html").post(html);

      return { page, usedFallback: true };
    }
    throw err;
  }
}

Step 7 — Caching Strategy

Cache notebook and section structure (which changes infrequently) while keeping page data fresh:

class OneNoteCache {
  private cache = new Map<string, { data: any; expiry: number }>();

  private readonly TTL = {
    notebooks: 5 * 60_000,    // 5 minutes — structure rarely changes
    sections: 5 * 60_000,     // 5 minutes — sections rarely added/removed
    pageList: 30_000,          // 30 seconds — pages change frequently
    pageContent: 0,            // Never cache content — always fetch fresh
  };

  async get<T>(key: string, ttlCategory: keyof typeof this.TTL, fetcher: () => Promise<T>): Promise<T> {
    const cached = this.cache.get(key);
    const now = Date.now();

    if (cached && cached.expiry > now) {
      return cached.data as T;
    }

    const data = await fetcher();
    const ttl = this.TTL[ttlCategory];
    if (ttl > 0) {
      this.cache.set(key, { data, expiry: now + ttl });
    }
    return data;
  }

  invalidate(keyPrefix: string): void {
    for (const key of this.cache.keys()) {
      if (key.startsWith(keyPrefix)) this.cache.delete(key);
    }
  }
}

// Usage
const cache = new OneNoteCache();
const notebooks = await cache.get("notebooks", "notebooks", () =>
  client.api("/me/onenote/notebooks").select("id,displayName").get()
);

Step 8 — Python Image Compression

from PIL import Image
import io

def compress_image(image_bytes: bytes, max_size_mb: float = 4.0) -> bytes:
    """Compress image to fit within OneNote size limits."""
    max_bytes = int(max_size_mb * 1024 * 1024)

    if len(image_bytes) <= max_bytes:
        return image_bytes

    img = Image.open(io.BytesIO(image_bytes))

    # Convert RGBA to RGB for JPEG
    if img.mode in ("RGBA", "P"):
        img = img.convert("RGB")

    # Try quality reduction first
    for quality in [80, 60, 40, 20]:
        buffer = io.BytesIO()
        img.save(buffer, format="JPEG", quality=quality, optimize=True)
        if buffer.tell() <= max_bytes:
            return buffer.getvalue()

    # Resize if quality alone is insufficient
    scale = (max_bytes / len(image_bytes)) ** 0.5
    new_size = (int(img.width * scale), int(img.height * scale))
    img = img.resize(new_size, Image.LANCZOS)
    buffer = io.BytesIO()
    img.save(buffer, format="JPEG", quality=60, optimize=True)
    return buffer.getvalue()

Output

Performance optimization delivers:

• Payload reduction: 80-95% smaller responses with

  $select

  vs default queries
• Latency improvement: 5-10x faster responses by avoiding deep

  $expand

• Image reliability: Pre-validated uploads that never silently fail
• Batch efficiency: 20x fewer HTTP requests for bulk operations
• 507 resilience: Automatic overflow section creation when page limits are hit

Error Handling

$expand

$select

$top

onenote-rate-limits

Examples

Profile a notebook for performance issues:

async function profileNotebook(client: any, notebookId: string) {
  const sections = await client.api(
    `/me/onenote/notebooks/${notebookId}/sections`
  ).select("id,displayName,pagesUrl").get();

  console.log(`Sections: ${sections.value.length}`);
  if (sections.value.length > 100) {
    console.warn("PERF WARNING: >100 sections — avoid $expand on this notebook");
  }

  for (const section of sections.value) {
    const pages = await client.api(
      `/me/onenote/sections/${section.id}/pages`
    ).select("id").top(1).count(true).get();

    const count = pages["@odata.count"] ?? pages.value.length;
    if (count > 1000) {
      console.warn(`PERF WARNING: Section "${section.displayName}" has ${count} pages`);
    }
    if (count > 4500) {
      console.warn(`507 RISK: Section "${section.displayName}" near page limit (${count}/~5000)`);
    }
  }
}

Python — Parallel section loading with concurrency limit:

import asyncio

async def load_sections_parallel(client, notebook_ids: list[str], max_concurrent: int = 5):
    """Load sections from multiple notebooks with bounded concurrency."""
    semaphore = asyncio.Semaphore(max_concurrent)
    results = {}

    async def load_one(nb_id: str):
        async with semaphore:
            sections = await client.me.onenote.notebooks.by_notebook_id(
                nb_id
            ).sections.get()
            results[nb_id] = sections.value or []

    await asyncio.gather(*[load_one(nb_id) for nb_id in notebook_ids])
    return results

Resources

• OneNote API Overview
• Images & Files
• Best Practices
• Get Content
• Create Pages
• Error Codes
• Known Issues

Next Steps

• See

  onenote-rate-limits

  for request throttling when batch operations hit limits
• See

  onenote-webhooks-events

  for cache invalidation via polling-based change detection
• See

  onenote-core-workflow-a

  for CRUD operations that benefit from these optimizations