AI Tool Creation

Tools for Vercel AI SDK v5. All tools use factory pattern, Zod validation, budget tracking, rate limiting, search caching, timeout enforcement.

Tool Factory Pattern

Tools created via factory functions accepting

ctx

,

userId

, optional params:

// From convex/ai/tools/search/searchAll.ts
export function createSearchAllTool(
  ctx: ActionCtx,
  userId: Id<"users">,
  currentConversationId?: Id<"conversations">,
  searchCache?: Map<string, unknown>,
  budgetState?: {
    current: BudgetState;
    update: (newState: BudgetState) => void;
  },
) {
  return tool({
    description: `Search across ALL resource types...`,
    inputSchema: z.object({ ... }),
    execute: async ({ query, projectId, resourceTypes, limit }) => { ... },
  });
}

Pattern: Factory wraps

tool()

from AI SDK, captures context in closure.

Zod Input Schema

Describe all parameters clearly - AI reads these to understand tool usage:

// From convex/ai/tools/search/searchAll.ts
inputSchema: z.object({
  query: z.string().describe("What to search for across all resources"),
  projectId: z
    .string()
    .optional()
    .describe("Optional project ID to filter results to a specific project"),
  resourceTypes: z
    .array(z.enum(["files", "notes", "tasks", "conversations", "knowledgeBank"]))
    .optional()
    .default(["knowledgeBank", "files", "notes", "tasks", "conversations"])
    .describe("Which resource types to search (default: all including knowledgeBank)"),
  limit: z
    .number()
    .min(1)
    .max(10)
    .optional()
    .default(3)
    .describe("Number of results per resource type (1-10, default: 3)"),
}),

Key: Use

.describe()

on every field. Default values in schema, not execute logic.

Description Format

Multi-line with usage guidance:

// From convex/ai/tools/urlReader.ts
description: `Read and extract content from web pages.

✅ USE FOR:
- Documentation, articles, blog posts
- Web pages, news articles
- Any non-video URL content

⚠️ FOR YOUTUBE LINKS: Use the youtubeVideo tool instead - it can analyze the actual video content, not just the page text.

Returns clean markdown or text content.`,

Pattern: Brief summary, use cases (✅ USE FOR), anti-patterns (❌ DO NOT USE FOR), output format.

Budget State Integration

Rate limiting + token tracking:

// From convex/ai/tools/search/searchAll.ts
execute: async ({ query, projectId, resourceTypes, limit }) => {
  // Rate limit check
  if (budgetState) {
    const rateCheck = isToolRateLimited(budgetState.current, "searchAll");
    if (rateCheck.limited) {
      return {
        success: false,
        error: rateCheck.message,
        results: [],
        totalResults: 0,
        quality: { level: "low" as const, topScore: 0 },
        searchedSources: [],
        earlyReturn: false,
      };
    }
    budgetState.update(recordToolCall(budgetState.current, "searchAll"));
  }

  // ... tool logic ...

  // Track search in budget state for diminishing returns detection
  if (budgetState && result.success) {
    const topScore = result.quality?.topScore ?? 0;
    const resultCount = Array.isArray(result.results) ? result.results.length : 0;
    const newState = recordSearch(
      budgetState.current,
      query,
      resultCount,
      topScore,
    );
    budgetState.update(newState);

    // Check for diminishing returns warning
    const warning = formatSearchWarning(newState);
    if (warning) {
      result.warning = warning;
    }
  }

  return result;
},

Pattern: Check rate limit first, record tool call, track search quality, inject warnings.

Rate Limit Configuration

Per-tool limits in

convex/lib/budgetTracker.ts

:

const TOOL_RATE_LIMITS: Record<string, number> = {
  searchAll: 5,
  searchFiles: 5,
  searchNotes: 5,
  searchTasks: 5,
  searchKnowledgeBank: 5,
  queryHistory: 5,
  urlReader: 3,
  codeExecution: 2,
  weather: 3,
  default: 10,
};

Pattern: Lower limits for expensive tools (codeExecution: 2), higher for cheap searches (default: 10).

Timeout Configuration

Per-tool timeouts in

convex/lib/budgetTracker.ts

:

export const TOOL_TIMEOUTS: Record<string, number> = {
  searchAll: 30000, // 30s - multiple parallel searches
  searchFiles: 15000,
  searchNotes: 15000,
  searchTasks: 15000,
  searchKnowledgeBank: 15000,
  queryHistory: 15000,
  urlReader: 120000, // 2min - external fetch can be slow
  codeExecution: 120000, // 2min - code execution can take time
  youtubeVideo: 300000, // 5min - video processing is slow
  weather: 60000, // 1min - external API
  calculator: 5000,
  datetime: 1000,
  default: 30000,
};

Pattern: Higher timeouts for external APIs/processing (urlReader: 2min, youtubeVideo: 5min), lower for local ops (calculator: 5s).

Use with

withTimeout()

:

import { withTimeout, getToolTimeout } from "../../lib/budgetTracker";

const result = await withTimeout(
  someOperation(),
  getToolTimeout("urlReader"),
  "urlReader",
);

Search Cache Pattern

Deduplicate identical searches within generation:

// From convex/ai/tools/search/searchAll.ts
function getCacheKey(
  query: string,
  resourceTypes: string[],
  projectId?: string,
): string {
  return `${query}:${resourceTypes.sort().join(",")}:${projectId ?? ""}`;
}

// In execute:
const cacheKey = getCacheKey(query, resourceTypes, projectId);
if (searchCache?.has(cacheKey)) {
  return searchCache.get(cacheKey);
}

// ... perform search ...

// Cache successful result
searchCache?.set(cacheKey, result);
return result;

Pattern: Check cache before work, cache after success. Cache key includes all params. Cache cleared after each generation (not persisted).

ProjectId Filtering

Optional

projectId

parameter - null = search all resources:

// From convex/ai/tools/search/searchAll.ts
projectId: z
  .string()
  .optional()
  .describe("Optional project ID to filter results to a specific project"),

// Pass to internal action:
await (ctx.runAction as any)(
  // @ts-ignore - TypeScript recursion limit with 94+ Convex modules
  internal.tools.search.searchAll.searchAll,
  {
    userId,
    query,
    projectId: projectId as Id<"projects"> | undefined,
    resourceTypes,
    limit,
    currentConversationId,
  },
);

// Error handling for invalid projectId:
catch (error: any) {
  if (error.message?.includes("does not match the table name")) {
    return {
      success: false,
      error: "Invalid projectId - the ID provided is not a valid project ID",
      // ... return error shape matching success shape ...
    };
  }
  throw error;
}

Pattern: Optional

.string()

in schema, cast to

Id<"projects"> | undefined

when calling action. Handle validation errors gracefully.

Tool Registration

Register tools in

convex/generation/tools.ts

:

// From convex/generation/tools.ts
export function buildTools(config: BuildToolsConfig): Record<string, unknown> {
  const { ctx, userId, conversationId, searchCache, budgetState } = config;

  // Capability tools: ALWAYS available
  const calculatorTool = createCalculatorTool();
  const urlReaderTool = createUrlReaderTool(ctx);
  const codeExecutionTool = createCodeExecutionTool(ctx);

  const tools: Record<string, any> = {
    calculator: calculatorTool,
    urlReader: urlReaderTool,
    codeExecution: codeExecutionTool,
  };

  // Conditional tools based on incognito/mode
  if (enableReadTools) {
    tools.searchAll = createSearchAllTool(
      ctx,
      userId,
      conversationId,
      searchCache,
      budgetState,
    );
  }

  return tools;
}

Pattern: Tools categorized (capability, write, read, document). Conditional registration based on conversation settings.

Multi-Step Tool Calling

Use

stopWhen: stepCountIs(N)

for multi-step continuation:

import { streamText, stepCountIs } from "ai";

const result = streamText({
  model,
  messages,
  tools: buildTools(config),
  stopWhen: stepCountIs(5), // Continue until 5 steps OR no more tool calls
});

NOT

maxSteps

(deprecated in AI SDK v5).

stopWhen

enables proper multi-step continuation.

Tool Result Truncation

Truncate large results for context management:

// From convex/lib/budgetTracker.ts
export function truncateToolResult(
  result: unknown,
  maxChars: number = 500,
): unknown {
  const str = JSON.stringify(result);
  if (str.length <= maxChars) return result;

  // Preserve structure for arrays - keep first N items
  if (Array.isArray(result)) {
    return result
      .slice(0, MAX_TRUNCATED_ARRAY_ITEMS)
      .map((item) =>
        truncateToolResult(item, Math.floor(maxChars / MAX_TRUNCATED_ARRAY_ITEMS)),
      );
  }

  // Truncate string content
  if (typeof result === "string") {
    return `${result.slice(0, maxChars)}... [truncated]`;
  }

  // For objects, truncate string values
  if (typeof result === "object" && result !== null) {
    const truncated: Record<string, unknown> = {};
    const keys = Object.keys(result);
    if (keys.length === 0) return result;
    const charPerKey = Math.floor(maxChars / keys.length);
    for (const key of keys) {
      truncated[key] = truncateToolResult(
        (result as Record<string, unknown>)[key],
        charPerKey,
      );
    }
    return truncated;
  }

  return result;
}

Pattern: Preserve structure (arrays → first N items, objects → truncate values per key). Use after

MIN_TOOL_CALLS_FOR_TRUNCATION

(2) calls.

Type Casting Pattern

TypeScript recursion workaround for 94+ Convex modules:

// From convex/ai/tools/urlReader.ts
const result = (await (ctx.runAction as any)(
  // @ts-ignore - TypeScript recursion limit with 94+ Convex modules
  internal.tools.urlReader.readUrl,
  { url, maxLength, format },
)) as { content: string; title?: string; error?: string };

Pattern: Cast

ctx.runAction

to

any

, add

@ts-ignore

with explanation, assert return type. Full type safety on return, bypass on parameters.

Key Files

• packages/backend/convex/generation/tools.ts

  - Tool registry, buildTools()

• packages/backend/convex/ai/tools/search/searchAll.ts

  - Search tool with caching

• packages/backend/convex/ai/tools/urlReader.ts

  - External API tool

• packages/backend/convex/ai/tools/codeExecution.ts

  - Long-running tool

• packages/backend/convex/lib/budgetTracker.ts

  - Rate limits, timeouts, tracking

Avoid

• Don't hardcode rate limits in tools - use

  TOOL_RATE_LIMITS

  config
• Don't skip budget state integration for search tools
• Don't use

  maxSteps

  (deprecated) - use

  stopWhen: stepCountIs(N)

• Don't forget to cache search results - identical queries waste tokens
• Don't return different shapes for success/error - keep consistent structure
• Don't skip projectId validation errors - handle gracefully with user-friendly messages