CQL Type System & Schema Handling

This skill provides guidance on implementing Cassandra CQL type system with schema-provided deserialization.

When to Use This Skill

• Implementing CQL type deserializers
• Parsing collection types (list, set, map)
• Handling User-Defined Types (UDTs)
• Working with frozen vs non-frozen types
• Tuple deserialization
• Schema validation
• Type-correct data generation

Core Principles

Schema-Provided Deserialization

Per PRD: schema passed in, not inferred

// Schema provides type information
fn deserialize_cell(
    data: &[u8],
    column_type: &CqlType,  // From schema
) -> Result<CqlValue>

Never try to infer type from data alone - always use schema.

CQL Type Categories

1. Primitive Types

Fixed-Size Primitives

• boolean

  - 1 byte (0x00 or 0x01)

• tinyint

  - 1 byte signed

• smallint

  - 2 bytes signed, big-endian

• int

  - 4 bytes signed, big-endian

• bigint

  - 8 bytes signed, big-endian

• float

  - 4 bytes IEEE 754

• double

  - 8 bytes IEEE 754

• date

  - 4 bytes (days since epoch)

• time

  - 8 bytes (nanoseconds since midnight)

Variable-Size Primitives

• text

  /

  varchar

  - UTF-8 encoded string

• blob

  - raw bytes

• ascii

  - ASCII-only string

Special Primitives

• uuid

  /

  timeuuid

  - 16 bytes

• inet

  - 4 bytes (IPv4) or 16 bytes (IPv6)

• varint

  - variable-length big integer

• decimal

  - scale (4 bytes) + unscaled varint

• duration

  - months, days, nanoseconds (3 VInts)

• timestamp

  - 8 bytes (milliseconds since Unix epoch)

2. Collection Types

See collections-and-udts.md for detailed format.

Collection Format:

[4 bytes: element_count (big-endian)]
[for each element:]
    [4 bytes: element_size (big-endian)]
    [bytes: element_data]

Types:

• list<T>

  - Ordered, allows duplicates

• set<T>

  - Unordered, no duplicates

• map<K,V>

  - Key-value pairs

3. Tuple Types

Format:

[element_1_data]
[element_2_data]
...

No size prefix - elements serialized back-to-back. Each element uses its type's serialization.

4. User-Defined Types (UDTs)

Format:

[for each field in schema order:]
    [4 bytes: field_size (-1 for null, 0 for empty, >0 for data)]
    [if size > 0:]
        [bytes: field_data]

UDT schema defines field names and types.

5. Frozen vs Non-Frozen

Frozen types:

• Serialized as single blob
• Cannot update individual elements
• Used in primary keys
• Nested collections must be frozen

Non-frozen collections:

• Can update individual elements
• Only allowed at top level (not nested)
• Uses tombstones for deletions

Type Deserialization Patterns

Zero-Copy Pattern

use bytes::Bytes;

fn deserialize_text(data: Bytes) -> Result<String> {
    // Zero-copy: validate UTF-8 then wrap
    let s = std::str::from_utf8(&data)?;
    Ok(s.to_string())  // Only copy if needed
}

fn deserialize_blob(data: Bytes) -> Result<Bytes> {
    // Zero-copy: just return the slice
    Ok(data)
}

Length-Prefixed Pattern

fn deserialize_length_prefixed(data: &[u8]) -> Result<(Bytes, &[u8])> {
    if data.len() < 4 {
        return Err(Error::NotEnoughBytes);
    }
    
    let size = i32::from_be_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]);
    
    if size < 0 {
        return Ok((Bytes::new(), &data[4..]));  // Null
    }
    
    let size = size as usize;
    if data.len() < 4 + size {
        return Err(Error::NotEnoughBytes);
    }
    
    let value = Bytes::copy_from_slice(&data[4..4 + size]);
    let remaining = &data[4 + size..];
    
    Ok((value, remaining))
}

Collection Pattern

fn deserialize_list(
    data: &[u8],
    element_type: &CqlType,
) -> Result<Vec<CqlValue>> {
    let count = i32::from_be_bytes([data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3]]) as usize;
    let mut offset = 4;
    let mut elements = Vec::with_capacity(count);
    
    for _ in 0..count {
        let (element_data, remaining) = deserialize_length_prefixed(&data[offset..])?;
        let element = deserialize_value(&element_data, element_type)?;
        elements.push(element);
        offset = data.len() - remaining.len();
    }
    
    Ok(elements)
}

Schema Handling

Schema Sources

1. Statistics.db: Serialization header with column definitions
2. System tables:

   system_schema.tables

   ,

   system_schema.columns

3. CQL schema file: For test data generation

Schema Representation

struct TableSchema {
    keyspace: String,
    table: String,
    partition_keys: Vec<ColumnDef>,
    clustering_keys: Vec<ColumnDef>,
    regular_columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
    static_columns: Vec<ColumnDef>,
}

struct ColumnDef {
    name: String,
    cql_type: CqlType,
}

enum CqlType {
    // Primitives
    Boolean,
    Int,
    BigInt,
    Text,
    Uuid,
    Timestamp,
    // ... more primitives
    
    // Collections
    List(Box<CqlType>),
    Set(Box<CqlType>),
    Map(Box<CqlType>, Box<CqlType>),
    
    // Complex
    Tuple(Vec<CqlType>),
    Udt(UdtDef),
    
    // Modifiers
    Frozen(Box<CqlType>),
}

PRD Alignment

Supports Milestone M1 (Core Reading Library):

• All CQL types including collections & UDTs
• Schema-provided deserialization (not inferred)
• Zero-copy patterns where possible

Supports Milestone M5 (Write Support):

• Type-correct serialization
• Schema validation

Common Pitfalls

1. Inferring Types

❌ Wrong: Look at data to guess type ✅ Right: Use schema to know type

2. Copying Unnecessarily

❌ Wrong:

Vec<u8>

for every field ✅ Right:

Bytes

with zero-copy slicing

3. Ignoring Null Handling

❌ Wrong: Assume all fields present ✅ Right: Check for null (-1 size prefix)

4. Frozen Semantics

❌ Wrong: Try to update frozen collection elements ✅ Right: Replace entire frozen value

5. Nested Collections

❌ Wrong: Allow non-frozen nested collections ✅ Right: Nested collections must be frozen

Type System References

Detailed specifications in:

• cql-types-reference.md - Complete type catalog
• collections-and-udts.md - Collection and UDT formats

Testing

Generate type-correct test data:

# Use test-data-management skill for Docker-based generation
cd test-data
./scripts/start-clean.sh
./scripts/generate.sh

Validate parsing against sstabledump:

sstabledump test-data/datasets/sstables/keyspace/table/*.db

Next Steps

When adding new type support:

1. Add to

   CqlType

   enum
2. Implement deserializer with zero-copy where possible
3. Add serializer (for M5 write support)
4. Create property tests with edge cases
5. Generate test data with type
6. Validate against sstabledump