Cross-Reference Entry Guidelines

When creating or revising entries, add cross-references to related vocabulary. This improves navigation and helps learners understand word relationships.

Cross-Reference Types

1.

pair

- Transitivity Pairs (HIGH PRIORITY)

Use for verb transitivity pairs ({自動詞|じどうし}/{他動詞|たどうし}).

{
  "type": "pair",
  "reading": "しまる",
  "headword": "{閉|し}まる",
  "label": "intransitive"
}

Labels:

intransitive

transitive

Common pairs:

• 開く/開ける, 閉まる/閉める, 始まる/始める
• 出る/出す, 入る/入れる, 付く/付ける
• 決まる/決める, 変わる/変える, 上がる/上げる

2.

antonym

- Opposites (HIGH PRIORITY)

Use for direct opposites.

{
  "type": "antonym",
  "reading": "あける",
  "headword": "{開|あ}ける",
  "label": "to open"
}

Label: Brief gloss of target word

3.

keigo

- Honorific/Humble Forms (HIGH PRIORITY)

Use for formal speech equivalents.

{
  "type": "keigo",
  "reading": "めしあがる",
  "headword": "{召|め}し{上|あ}がる",
  "label": "honorific"
}

Labels:

honorific

humble

Common keigo links:

• 食べる → 召し上がる (hon.), いただく (hum.)
• 行く → いらっしゃる (hon.), 参る (hum.)
• 言う → おっしゃる (hon.), 申す (hum.)
• 見る → ご覧になる (hon.), 拝見する (hum.)

4.

synonym

- Similar Meaning (MEDIUM PRIORITY)

Use for words with similar meaning but different nuance.

{
  "type": "synonym",
  "reading": "りかいする",
  "headword": "{理解|りかい}する",
  "label": "formal"
}

Label: Distinguishing characteristic (e.g., "formal", "written", "casual")

5.

contrast

- Easily Confused (MEDIUM PRIORITY)

Use for words learners often confuse.

{
  "type": "contrast",
  "reading": "が",
  "headword": "が",
  "label": "subject marking"
}

Especially important for:

• Particles: は vs が, に vs で, に vs へ
• Similar verbs: 聞く vs 聴く, 見る vs 見える vs 見せる

6.

related

- Semantically Connected (LOW PRIORITY)

Use for derived words, compounds, or thematically related vocabulary.

{
  "type": "related",
  "reading": "たべもの",
  "headword": "{食|た}べ{物|もの}",
  "label": "food (noun)"
}

7.

see_also

- General Reference (LOW PRIORITY)

Use for general cross-references that don't fit other categories.

{
  "type": "see_also",
  "reading": "しょくじ",
  "headword": "{食事|しょくじ}",
  "label": null
}

Format Requirements

Each cross-reference object requires:

type

target_id

reading

headword

label

*Headword is required for proper resolution. Without it, cross-references cannot be disambiguated between homonyms.

Note: Valid cross-reference types are defined centrally in

build/constants.py

Hybrid Cross-Reference System

The dictionary uses a hybrid system that supports both:

1. Hard-coded

   target_id

   - Direct reference to an entry ID (unambiguous)
2. Forward references - References by reading/headword to entries that may not exist yet

Resolution Priority

When resolving a cross-reference:

1. If

   target_id

   present AND entry exists → resolved (use ID directly)
2. If

   target_id

   present AND entry missing → ERROR (stale reference)
3. If no

   target_id

   → resolve by reading/headword (may be pending if target doesn't exist)

When to Use

target_id

Use

target_id

• The target entry exists in the dictionary
• You want guaranteed, unambiguous resolution
• The reference was previously validated

Don't manually add

target_id

• Creating forward references to entries that don't exist yet
• You're unsure which homonym is correct

Instead, use the

harden_references.py

target_id

Example with target_id

{
  "type": "pair",
  "target_id": "00754_shimaru",
  "reading": "しまる",
  "headword": "{閉|し}まる",
  "label": "intransitive"
}

Example forward reference (no target_id)

{
  "type": "antonym",
  "reading": "ひらく",
  "headword": "{開|ひら}く",
  "label": "to open"
}

Homonym Disambiguation

CRITICAL: Many Japanese words share the same reading but have different kanji (homonyms). The headword field is essential for correct resolution.

Example: The reading かんじょう has multiple entries:

• {感情|かんじょう} - emotion, feeling
• {勘定|かんじょう} - bill, calculation

If you reference かんじょう without specifying the headword, the system cannot determine which entry you mean.

Always include the headword to ensure cross-references link to the correct entry.

// CORRECT - specifies headword for disambiguation
{
  "type": "synonym",
  "reading": "かんじょう",
  "headword": "{勘定|かんじょう}",
  "label": "bill, calculation"
}

// INCORRECT - no headword, may link to wrong homonym
{
  "type": "synonym",
  "reading": "かんじょう",
  "label": "bill, calculation"
}

Validation detects homonym mismatches: When you specify a headword that doesn't match any existing entry with that reading (e.g., 勘定 when only 感情 exists), the validator will warn you. This indicates either:

1. The target entry doesn't exist yet (forward reference - OK)
2. The headword is incorrect (fix it)

Priority Order

When adding references to entries, prioritize:

1. HIGH - Always add if applicable:

   • Transitivity pairs (pair)
   • Keigo equivalents (keigo)
   • Direct antonyms (antonym)

2. MEDIUM - Add when natural:

   • Close synonyms with clear distinction (synonym)
   • Particle contrasts (contrast)
   • Related compounds (related)

3. LOW - Add sparingly:

   • Thematic groupings
   • General see_also references

Extracting from Notes

The notes field often contains vocabulary that should be cross-referenced. Look for:

Patterns to Extract

1. Pair verbs:

   • "Pair: {閉|し}まる" or "PAIR VERB: ..."
   • "The intransitive counterpart is ..."

2. Antonyms:

   • "Opposite: {開|あ}ける"
   • "Antonym: ..."

3. Keigo:

   • "{召|め}し{上|あ}がる (honorific)"
   • "Humble form: いただく"

4. Related words:

   • Words in furigana notation within COMMON PATTERNS
   • Nouns derived from verbs: 食べる → 食べ物

Automated Extraction

Run the extraction script to find potential references:

# Dry run - see proposed changes
python3 build/extract_references.py

# Apply changes
python3 build/extract_references.py --apply

# Single entry
python3 build/extract_references.py --id 00396_taberu

Note: The extraction script now performs immediate resolution. When a target entry exists, the extracted reference automatically includes

target_id

Hardening References

The

harden_references.py

target_id

# Dry run - see what would change
python3 build/harden_references.py

# Apply changes
python3 build/harden_references.py --apply

# Single entry
python3 build/harden_references.py --id 00485_shimeru

When to run:

• After adding new entries that are targets of existing forward references
• Periodically to ensure all resolvable references have

  target_id

• Before releases to maximize resolution coverage

The script will:

• Add

  target_id

  to unambiguously resolvable references
• WARN about ambiguous references (multiple candidates, need headword)
• ERROR on stale

  target_id

  references (target no longer exists)
• Skip forward references (legitimate refs to non-existent entries)

Handling Non-Existent Entries

Important: You can add references to entries that don't exist yet.

• Use

  reading

  as the primary key (required)
• Include

  headword

  for display purposes
• The link will be marked as "pending" in the web interface
• When the target entry is created, the link automatically becomes active

This allows you to:

• Plan future entries
• Track vocabulary relationships before full coverage
• Show learners related vocabulary even if not yet in dictionary

Validation

After adding references, validate:

python3 build/validate.py --id {entry_id}

The validator checks:

• Required fields present (type, reading)
• Valid type values
• Reading is valid hiragana
• No self-references
• Homonym mismatches - warns when a headword is specified but doesn't match any existing entry with that reading
• Stale target_id - ERRORS when

  target_id

  points to a non-existent entry
• Hardenable references - warns when a reference could be hardened (target exists but no

  target_id

  )

Validation Messages

target_id

target_id

target_id

harden_references.py --apply

Example Entry

Before:

{
  "id": "00485_shimeru",
  "cross_references": []
}

After:

{
  "id": "00485_shimeru",
  "cross_references": [
    {
      "type": "pair",
      "reading": "しまる",
      "headword": "{閉|し}まる",
      "label": "intransitive"
    },
    {
      "type": "antonym",
      "reading": "あける",
      "headword": "{開|あ}ける",
      "label": "to open"
    }
  ]
}

Quality Checklist

• Transitivity pair linked (for verbs)
• Keigo forms linked (for common verbs)
• Antonyms linked (if obvious opposite exists)
• References in notes are also in cross_references
• Each reference has correct type
• Reading is valid hiragana
• Headword uses proper furigana notation
• Labels are concise and consistent