Design Justice: Equity-Centered Digital Design

Design for the margins, benefit the center. If it works for someone with no stable phone, unstable housing, trauma history, and low digital literacy → it works better for everyone.

Philosophy

Design Justice (Sasha Costanza-Chock) + Trauma-Informed Design + Digital Equity Design

Core principle: The people most impacted by design decisions should be centered in the design process, not treated as edge cases.

When to Use

✅ Use for:

• Apps serving recovery/reentry populations
• Government/civic tech applications
• Healthcare portals for vulnerable populations
• Housing/benefits applications
• Legal aid and court self-help tools
• Nonprofit service delivery platforms
• Any app used on shared/public devices

❌ NOT for:

• Enterprise B2B SaaS (different constraints)
• Marketing funnel optimization
• Gamification/engagement maximization
• Social media features
• General "make it pretty" UX requests

---

Decision Tree: Which Pattern Applies?

User has unstable phone number?
├── YES → See: Authentication Without Stable Phones
└── NO → Standard auth OK

User may lose internet mid-task?
├── YES → See: Offline-First Design
└── NO → Standard web patterns OK

User may be on shared/public device?
├── YES → See: Shared Device Privacy
└── NO → Standard session management OK

Form is complex or emotionally difficult?
├── YES → See: Trauma-Informed Forms
└── NO → Standard form patterns OK

User has history of system trauma?
├── YES → Apply ALL trauma-informed patterns
└── UNKNOWN → Assume YES for civic/legal/benefits apps

---

Pattern 1: Authentication Without Stable Phones

Anti-Pattern: Phone-First Auth

Novice thinking: "Everyone has a phone, SMS 2FA is secure"

Reality:

• 25% of formerly incarcerated people lack stable phone access
• Phone numbers change frequently during housing instability
• Prepaid phones get disconnected for non-payment
• SMS 2FA locks people out of critical services

Timeline:

• Pre-2020: SMS 2FA considered best practice
• 2020+: Code for America documented access barriers
• 2024+: Email-first + backup codes emerging as standard for civic tech

Correct Patterns

Need	Pattern	Implementation
Primary auth	Email-first	Email is identifier, phone optional
2FA	Multiple pathways	Email OR backup codes OR case worker verification
Recovery	Printable codes	One-time codes that can be written down
Bypass	Trusted intermediary	Case managers verify via org email
Essential access	No-signup mode	Core features work without account

Implementation Checklist

□ Email is primary identifier (phone optional)
□ Backup codes can be printed/written
□ Case worker recovery pathway exists
□ Core features work without login
□ Sessions are not device-locked
□ Phone number changes don't lock accounts
□ "Forgot password" has non-SMS option

---

Pattern 2: Offline-First / Intermittent Access

Anti-Pattern: Always-Online Assumption

Novice thinking: "Just show 'No connection' error"

Reality:

• Public library computers have session limits
• Mobile data runs out mid-month
• Shelter wifi is unreliable
• Users may have ONE chance to complete a form

Correct Patterns

Need	Pattern	Implementation
Data persistence	Local-first	Save to localStorage/IndexedDB immediately
Form state	Auto-save	Save every field change, not just on submit
Submission	Background sync	Queue actions, sync when connection returns
UI feedback	Optimistic updates	Update UI immediately, sync in background
Progress	Resume anywhere	Let users pick up exactly where they left off
Status	Visible sync state	"Saved locally" / "Syncing..." / "Up to date"
Degradation	Graceful offline	Core features work without network

Implementation Checklist

□ PWA with service worker caching
□ All form data saves to localStorage on every change
□ Clear sync status indicator visible
□ Offline mode tested (airplane mode)
□ Background sync when connection returns
□ No data loss on connection drop (verified)
□ Multi-step flows don't timeout
□ Minimal asset downloads (text-first views available)

Code Pattern: Auto-Save Hook

// Save form state on every change
function useAutoSave(key: string, data: any) {
  useEffect(() => {
    localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify({
      data,
      savedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
      synced: false
    }));
  }, [key, data]);

  // Return saved data on mount
  return useMemo(() => {
    const saved = localStorage.getItem(key);
    return saved ? JSON.parse(saved).data : null;
  }, [key]);
}

---

Pattern 3: Shared/Public Device Privacy

Anti-Pattern: Persistent Sessions

Novice thinking: "Remember me improves UX"

Reality:

• Library computers used by multiple people
• Shelter computers are shared
• Previous user's data visible = safety risk
• Domestic violence survivors need privacy

Correct Patterns

Need	Pattern	Implementation
Default state	Privacy mode ON	Don't auto-save sensitive info
Logout	Prominent button	Make it obvious, not buried in menu
Timeout	Warning + auto-logout	"5 min left. Continue?"
Forms	No autofill default	Disable browser autofill on sensitive fields
Mode toggle	"Public computer?"	One-click extra privacy mode
Cookies	Session-only option	Clear on browser close

Implementation Checklist

□ "Remember me" is UNCHECKED by default
□ Logout button visible on every page
□ Session timeout with save-progress warning
□ Sensitive fields have autocomplete="off"
□ Incognito mode suggested in UI for public computers
□ No cached personal data after logout
□ "Working on a shared computer?" toggle available

---

Pattern 4: Trauma-Informed Forms & Flows

Anti-Pattern: Bureaucratic Interrogation

Novice thinking: "Collect all info upfront for efficiency"

Reality:

• Long forms trigger overwhelm and abandonment
• Red error text is shame-triggering
• Legal jargon creates anxiety
• Surprise requirements feel like traps
• "Tell your story" boxes are cognitively overwhelming

Correct Patterns

Need	Pattern	Implementation
Length	Chunked progress	Break into short sections, save each
Language	Plain language	6th-8th grade reading level
Complexity	One question/page	For difficult topics
Progress	Clear indicators	"Step 2 of 5" always visible
Validation	Forgiving input	Auto-format, accept variations
Defaults	Smart prefill	Pre-fill what you can infer
Help	Inline, not hidden	Help text visible, not in modals
Flow	Skip and return	Never force-block on optional fields

Tone Guidelines

✅ Use:

• Person-first language: "Person with a conviction"
• Transparent timelines: "We'll review in 3-5 days"
• Acknowledgment: "This process can be frustrating"
• Affirming: "You're making progress"

❌ Avoid:

• Shame language: "Your criminal past..."
• Vague timelines: "We'll get back to you"
• Blame: "You didn't complete..."
• Guilt assumptions: "Your offense..."

Color & Visual Guidelines

✅ Calm palette:
- Success: Soft green (#4a9d9e), not aggressive lime
- Warning: Warm amber (#d4a03a), not alarming yellow
- Error: Muted terracotta (#c97a5d), not aggressive red
- Background: Cream/warm neutrals

❌ Avoid:
- Aggressive red for errors
- High-contrast warning colors
- Flashing or pulsing elements
- Visual "alarm" states

Implementation Checklist

□ No form longer than 5 fields per page
□ Progress indicator on all multi-step flows
□ Help text inline, not in tooltips/modals
□ Forgiving validation (formats automatically)
□ No required fields that aren't truly required
□ "Skip for now" on optional sections
□ Calm color palette (no aggressive reds)
□ Person-first language throughout
□ Clear "what happens next" on every screen

---

Pattern 5: Expungement/Record Clearance Specific

Anti-Pattern: Assuming User Knowledge

Novice thinking: "They know their case numbers"

Reality:

• People don't remember case numbers from years ago
• Legal terminology is confusing
• County/jurisdiction boundaries are unclear
• Documents may be inaccessible

Correct Patterns

Need	Pattern	Implementation
Eligibility	Checker first	Show if qualified BEFORE collecting info
Documents	Multiple upload methods	Email, fax, mail, in-person, photo
Location	Auto-detection	Don't make them figure out jurisdiction
Records	Lookup tools	Help them find their own case numbers
Terms	Plain language	Define every legal term
Timeline	Explicit expectations	"Most cases take 60-90 days"
Fees	Waiver prominent	Fee waiver should be default path

Implementation Checklist

□ Eligibility checker before signup/info collection
□ Case number lookup tool or "I don't know" option
□ County auto-detected from address
□ Document upload alternatives (not just scan)
□ Legal terms have inline definitions
□ Expected timeline stated clearly
□ Fee waiver is default, not hidden option
□ "Not eligible" includes explanation WHY

---

Code for America Principles

The gold standard for civic tech:

1. Automatic > Petition-based - Don't require action from people with records
2. No-cost by default - Fee waivers automatic, not applied for
3. Government does the work - Don't burden individuals
4. Co-design with impacted people - Not just user research ON them
5. Assume gaps in data - Design around incomplete records
6. Backend automation - Minimal staff time, no manual bottlenecks

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Quick Audit Checklist

Run this against any civic/legal/benefits application:

AUTHENTICATION
□ Can user sign up with just email?
□ Is there a non-SMS account recovery option?
□ Do core features work without login?

OFFLINE/INTERMITTENT
□ Does form data survive connection loss?
□ Is there visible "saved" indicator?
□ Can user resume exactly where they left off?

SHARED DEVICES
□ Is "remember me" unchecked by default?
□ Is logout button prominent?
□ Does session timeout with warning?

FORMS
□ Is reading level ≤8th grade?
□ Are there ≤5 fields per page?
□ Is help text inline (not hidden)?
□ Are required fields truly required?

TONE
□ Is language person-first?
□ Are timelines explicit?
□ Is error messaging non-blaming?
□ Are colors calm (no aggressive red)?

LEGAL/EXPUNGEMENT SPECIFIC
□ Is eligibility checked first?
□ Are fee waivers prominent?
□ Is "I don't know my case number" handled?

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References

• /references/authentication-patterns.md

  - Detailed auth implementation

• /references/offline-first-patterns.md

  - PWA and sync patterns

• /references/trauma-informed-language.md

  - Tone and word choice guide

• /references/code-for-america-learnings.md

  - CfA case studies

Key Readings

• Design Justice Network principles
• Code for America's design principles
• C4 Innovations equity work (homeless response systems)
• Innovation Unit's digital access for rough sleepers
• Sasha Costanza-Chock: "Design Justice" (2020)