Instanced Rendering

Render thousands of identical objects with a single draw call.

When to Use

Use when:

• Rendering many identical objects (trees, grass, particles)
• Draw calls exceed 100
• Objects share same geometry and material

Quick Start

import { Instances, Instance } from '@react-three/drei';

// Instead of 1000 separate meshes
function OptimizedTrees({ positions }) {
  return (
    <Instances limit={positions.length}>
      <cylinderGeometry args={[0.1, 0.3, 2]} />
      <meshStandardMaterial color="brown" />
      {positions.map((pos, i) => (
        <Instance key={i} position={pos} />
      ))}
    </Instances>
  );
}

Performance Impact

Approach	Objects	Draw Calls	FPS
Individual meshes	1000	1000	15
Instanced	1000	1	60

Dynamic Instancing

import { Instances, Instance } from '@react-three/drei';

function DynamicParticles({ count = 100 }) {
  const particles = useRef<Array<{ x: number; y: number; z: number }>>([]);

  // Initialize particles
  useMemo(() => {
    for (let i = 0; i < count; i++) {
      particles.current.push({
        x: (Math.random() - 0.5) * 10,
        y: (Math.random() - 0.5) * 10,
        z: (Math.random() - 0.5) * 10,
      });
    }
  }, [count]);

  return (
    <Instances limit={count}>
      <sphereGeometry args={[0.1, 8, 8]} />
      <meshBasicMaterial color="orange" />
      {particles.current.map((pos, i) => (
        <Instance key={i} position={[pos.x, pos.y, pos.z]} />
      ))}
    </Instances>
  );
}

Instancing with Colors

function ColoredInstances() {
  const colors = useMemo(() =>
    Array.from({ length: 100 }, () => ({
      color: new THREE.Color(Math.random(), Math.random(), Math.random()),
    }))
  , []);

  return (
    <Instances limit={100}>
      <boxGeometry args={[1, 1, 1]} />
      <meshStandardMaterial />
      {colors.map((props, i) => (
        <Instance
          key={i}
          position={[(i % 10) * 1.2, Math.floor(i / 10) * 1.2, 0]}
          color={props.color}
        />
      ))}
    </Instances>
  );
}

Limitations

❌ Can't	✅ Alternative
Different geometries per instance	Use separate Instances groups
Different materials per instance	Use vertex colors or textures
Complex animations per instance	Use shader-based animation

Common Mistakes

❌ Wrong	✅ Right
Using individual meshes for repeated objects	Use Instances
Not setting limit prop	Always set limit higher than max count
Creating new Instance objects every frame	Use stable key, update position prop

When NOT to Use

• Objects have different geometries
• Objects have different materials
• Less than ~50 identical objects
• Objects need individual complex animations

Reference

• performance-basics.md - Core optimization
• lod-systems.md - LOD techniques