DevSecOps Practices

Comprehensive guidance for integrating security throughout the software development lifecycle using DevSecOps principles.

When to Use This Skill

• Implementing shift-left security practices
• Setting up SAST tools (Semgrep, CodeQL, SonarQube)
• Configuring DAST scanning (OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite)
• Integrating security gates in CI/CD pipelines
• Building vulnerability management workflows
• Establishing security champions programs
• Creating secure SDLC processes

Quick Reference

DevSecOps Maturity Levels

Level	Characteristics	Key Practices
Level 1: Initial	Manual security reviews, ad-hoc testing	Basic vulnerability scanning, security training
Level 2: Managed	Automated scanning in CI/CD, defined processes	SAST integration, security gates
Level 3: Defined	Security embedded in all phases, metrics tracked	DAST/IAST, threat modeling, SLAs
Level 4: Measured	Continuous monitoring, risk-based decisions	Full automation, security dashboards
Level 5: Optimizing	Predictive security, continuous improvement	AI-assisted, chaos engineering

Security Testing Types

Type	When	What It Finds	Tools
SAST	Build time	Code vulnerabilities, patterns	Semgrep, CodeQL, SonarQube
SCA	Build time	Dependency vulnerabilities	Snyk, Dependabot, npm audit
DAST	Runtime	Running application vulns	OWASP ZAP, Burp Suite
IAST	Runtime	Combined SAST+DAST	Contrast, Seeker
Secrets	Commit time	Hardcoded credentials	Gitleaks, truffleHog

Security Gates by Pipeline Stage

┌──────────┐    ┌──────────┐    ┌──────────┐    ┌──────────┐    ┌──────────┐
│  Commit  │───►│  Build   │───►│  Test    │───►│  Deploy  │───►│Production│
└────┬─────┘    └────┬─────┘    └────┬─────┘    └────┬─────┘    └────┬─────┘
     │               │               │               │               │
     ▼               ▼               ▼               ▼               ▼
┌─────────┐    ┌─────────┐    ┌─────────┐    ┌─────────┐    ┌─────────┐
│Secrets  │    │SAST     │    │DAST     │    │Container│    │Runtime  │
│Scanning │    │SCA      │    │Pen Test │    │Scanning │    │Security │
│Pre-commit    │License  │    │IAST     │    │Config   │    │Monitoring
└─────────┘    └─────────┘    └─────────┘    └─────────┘    └─────────┘

SAST (Static Application Security Testing)

Semgrep Setup

# .github/workflows/semgrep.yml
name: Semgrep
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  semgrep:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    container:
      image: semgrep/semgrep

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Run Semgrep
        run: semgrep scan --config auto --sarif --output semgrep.sarif

      - name: Upload SARIF
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v3
        with:
          sarif_file: semgrep.sarif

Semgrep Rules Configuration

# .semgrep.yml
rules:
  # SQL Injection
  - id: sql-injection
    patterns:
      - pattern-either:
          - pattern: cursor.execute($QUERY % ...)
          - pattern: cursor.execute($QUERY.format(...))
          - pattern: cursor.execute(f"...")
    message: "Potential SQL injection. Use parameterized queries."
    severity: ERROR
    languages: [python]

  # Hardcoded Secrets
  - id: hardcoded-password
    pattern-regex: '(?i)(password|passwd|pwd)\s*=\s*["\'][^"\']{8,}["\']'
    message: "Hardcoded password detected"
    severity: ERROR
    languages: [python, javascript, typescript]

  # Insecure Crypto
  - id: insecure-hash
    patterns:
      - pattern-either:
          - pattern: hashlib.md5(...)
          - pattern: hashlib.sha1(...)
    message: "Use SHA-256 or stronger for cryptographic purposes"
    severity: WARNING
    languages: [python]

CodeQL Setup

# .github/workflows/codeql.yml
name: CodeQL Analysis
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 6 * * 1'  # Weekly

jobs:
  analyze:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:
      security-events: write

    strategy:
      matrix:
        language: [javascript, python]

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: Initialize CodeQL
        uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
        with:
          languages: ${{ matrix.language }}
          queries: +security-extended

      - name: Build (if needed)
        uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v3

      - name: Perform Analysis
        uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v3
        with:
          category: "/language:${{ matrix.language }}"

SonarQube Integration

# .github/workflows/sonarqube.yml
name: SonarQube Analysis
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  sonarqube:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0  # Full history for accurate blame

      - name: SonarQube Scan
        uses: sonarsource/sonarqube-scan-action@master
        env:
          SONAR_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SONAR_TOKEN }}
          SONAR_HOST_URL: ${{ secrets.SONAR_HOST_URL }}

      - name: Quality Gate Check
        uses: sonarsource/sonarqube-quality-gate-action@master
        timeout-minutes: 5
        env:
          SONAR_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.SONAR_TOKEN }}

# sonar-project.properties
sonar.projectKey=my-project
sonar.organization=my-org

# Source paths
sonar.sources=src
sonar.tests=tests

# Exclusions
sonar.exclusions=**/node_modules/**,**/*.test.js,**/vendor/**

# Coverage
sonar.javascript.lcov.reportPaths=coverage/lcov.info
sonar.python.coverage.reportPaths=coverage.xml

# Security hotspots review
sonar.security.hotspots.review.priority=HIGH

DAST (Dynamic Application Security Testing)

OWASP ZAP Integration

# .github/workflows/zap.yml
name: OWASP ZAP Scan
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  schedule:
    - cron: '0 2 * * 0'  # Weekly Sunday 2 AM

jobs:
  zap-scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    services:
      app:
        image: my-app:latest
        ports:
          - 8080:8080

    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      - name: ZAP Baseline Scan
        uses: zaproxy/action-baseline@v0.11.0
        with:
          target: 'http://localhost:8080'
          rules_file_name: '.zap/rules.tsv'

      - name: ZAP Full Scan
        uses: zaproxy/action-full-scan@v0.9.0
        with:
          target: 'http://localhost:8080'
          cmd_options: '-a -j'

      - name: Upload Report
        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
        with:
          name: zap-report
          path: report_html.html

ZAP Rules Configuration

# .zap/rules.tsv
# Rule ID    Action    Description
10010       IGNORE    # Cookie No HttpOnly Flag (handled by framework)
10011       WARN      # Cookie Without Secure Flag
10015       FAIL      # Incomplete or No Cache-control and Pragma
10016       WARN      # Web Browser XSS Protection Not Enabled
10017       FAIL      # Cross-Domain JavaScript Source File Inclusion
10019       FAIL      # Content-Type Header Missing
10020       FAIL      # X-Frame-Options Header Not Set
10021       FAIL      # X-Content-Type-Options Header Missing
10038       FAIL      # Content Security Policy Header Not Set

DAST in Docker Compose

# docker-compose.security.yml
version: '3.8'

services:
  app:
    build: .
    ports:
      - "8080:8080"
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "curl", "-f", "http://localhost:8080/health"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 10s
      retries: 5

  zap:
    image: ghcr.io/zaproxy/zaproxy:stable
    depends_on:
      app:
        condition: service_healthy
    volumes:
      - ./zap-reports:/zap/wrk
    command: >
      zap-full-scan.py
      -t http://app:8080
      -r zap-report.html
      -J zap-report.json
      -x zap-report.xml

Security Gates

Gate Configuration

using System.Text.Json;
using System.Text.Json.Serialization;

/// <summary>
/// Security gate enforcement for CI/CD pipelines.
/// </summary>
public enum Severity { Critical, High, Medium, Low, Info }

public enum GateDecision { Pass, Warn, Fail }

/// <summary>
/// Configuration for security gate thresholds.
/// </summary>
public sealed record SecurityGateConfig
{
    // SAST thresholds
    public int SastCriticalMax { get; init; } = 0;
    public int SastHighMax { get; init; } = 0;
    public int SastMediumMax { get; init; } = 5;

    // SCA thresholds
    public int ScaCriticalMax { get; init; } = 0;
    public int ScaHighMax { get; init; } = 2;
    public double ScaCvssThreshold { get; init; } = 7.0;

    // DAST thresholds
    public int DastCriticalMax { get; init; } = 0;
    public int DastHighMax { get; init; } = 1;

    // Secrets
    public int SecretsAllowed { get; init; } = 0;

    // License restrictions
    public IReadOnlyList<string> ForbiddenLicenses { get; init; } = ["GPL-3.0", "AGPL-3.0"];
}

/// <summary>
/// Aggregated results from security scans.
/// </summary>
public sealed record ScanResults(
    Dictionary<string, int> SastFindings,
    Dictionary<string, int> ScaFindings,
    Dictionary<string, int> DastFindings,
    int SecretsFound,
    IReadOnlyList<string> Licenses);

/// <summary>
/// Evaluates security gates for CI/CD pipelines.
/// </summary>
public static class SecurityGateEvaluator
{
    public static (GateDecision Decision, List<string> Reasons) Evaluate(
        SecurityGateConfig config,
        ScanResults results)
    {
        var reasons = new List<string>();
        var decision = GateDecision.Pass;

        // Check SAST
        if (results.SastFindings.GetValueOrDefault("critical", 0) > config.SastCriticalMax)
        {
            decision = GateDecision.Fail;
            reasons.Add($"SAST: {results.SastFindings["critical"]} critical findings (max: {config.SastCriticalMax})");
        }

        if (results.SastFindings.GetValueOrDefault("high", 0) > config.SastHighMax)
        {
            decision = GateDecision.Fail;
            reasons.Add($"SAST: {results.SastFindings["high"]} high findings (max: {config.SastHighMax})");
        }

        // Check SCA
        if (results.ScaFindings.GetValueOrDefault("critical", 0) > config.ScaCriticalMax)
        {
            decision = GateDecision.Fail;
            reasons.Add($"SCA: {results.ScaFindings["critical"]} critical vulnerabilities (max: {config.ScaCriticalMax})");
        }

        // Check secrets
        if (results.SecretsFound > config.SecretsAllowed)
        {
            decision = GateDecision.Fail;
            reasons.Add($"Secrets: {results.SecretsFound} secrets detected");
        }

        // Check licenses
        foreach (var license in results.Licenses)
        {
            if (config.ForbiddenLicenses.Contains(license))
            {
                decision = GateDecision.Fail;
                reasons.Add($"License: Forbidden license {license} detected");
            }
        }

        // Warnings (don't fail but report)
        if (results.SastFindings.GetValueOrDefault("medium", 0) > config.SastMediumMax)
        {
            if (decision == GateDecision.Pass)
                decision = GateDecision.Warn;
            reasons.Add($"SAST: {results.SastFindings["medium"]} medium findings (threshold: {config.SastMediumMax})");
        }

        return (decision, reasons);
    }
}

// Usage in CI (console app entry point)
public static class SecurityGateCli
{
    public static async Task<int> Main(string[] args)
    {
        var jsonPath = args.FirstOrDefault() ?? "scan-results.json";
        var json = await File.ReadAllTextAsync(jsonPath);
        var rawResults = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<RawScanResults>(json)!;

        var results = new ScanResults(
            rawResults.Sast ?? new(),
            rawResults.Sca ?? new(),
            rawResults.Dast ?? new(),
            rawResults.Secrets,
            rawResults.Licenses ?? []);

        var config = new SecurityGateConfig();
        var (decision, reasons) = SecurityGateEvaluator.Evaluate(config, results);

        Console.WriteLine($"Security Gate: {decision.ToString().ToUpper()}");
        foreach (var reason in reasons)
            Console.WriteLine($"  - {reason}");

        return decision == GateDecision.Fail ? 1 : 0;
    }

    private sealed record RawScanResults(
        [property: JsonPropertyName("sast")] Dictionary<string, int>? Sast,
        [property: JsonPropertyName("sca")] Dictionary<string, int>? Sca,
        [property: JsonPropertyName("dast")] Dictionary<string, int>? Dast,
        [property: JsonPropertyName("secrets")] int Secrets,
        [property: JsonPropertyName("licenses")] List<string>? Licenses);
}

GitHub Actions Security Gate

# .github/workflows/security-gate.yml
name: Security Gate
on:
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  security-gate:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5

      # Run all security scans
      - name: SAST - Semgrep
        uses: semgrep/semgrep-action@v1
        with:
          config: auto
          generateSarif: true

      - name: SCA - npm audit
        run: npm audit --json > npm-audit.json || true

      - name: Secrets - Gitleaks
        uses: gitleaks/gitleaks-action@v2
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

      # Aggregate and evaluate
      - name: Evaluate Security Gate
        run: |
          python scripts/security_gate.py \
            --sast-results semgrep.sarif \
            --sca-results npm-audit.json \
            --secrets-results gitleaks.json

      - name: Comment on PR
        if: always()
        uses: actions/github-script@v7
        with:
          script: |
            const fs = require('fs');
            const report = fs.readFileSync('security-report.md', 'utf8');
            github.rest.issues.createComment({
              owner: context.repo.owner,
              repo: context.repo.repo,
              issue_number: context.issue.number,
              body: report
            });

Secrets Scanning

Pre-commit Hook with Gitleaks

# .pre-commit-config.yaml
repos:
  - repo: https://github.com/gitleaks/gitleaks
    rev: v8.18.0
    hooks:
      - id: gitleaks

  - repo: https://github.com/Yelp/detect-secrets
    rev: v1.4.0
    hooks:
      - id: detect-secrets
        args: ['--baseline', '.secrets.baseline']

Gitleaks Configuration

# .gitleaks.toml
title = "Gitleaks Configuration"

[extend]
useDefault = true

[[rules]]
id = "custom-api-key"
description = "Custom API Key Pattern"
regex = '''(?i)api[_-]?key\s*[:=]\s*['"]?[a-zA-Z0-9]{32,}['"]?'''
tags = ["key", "api"]

[[rules]]
id = "custom-password"
description = "Hardcoded Password"
regex = '''(?i)(password|passwd|pwd)\s*[:=]\s*['"][^'"]{8,}['"]'''
tags = ["password"]

[allowlist]
description = "Global allowlist"
paths = [
  '''\.gitleaks\.toml$''',
  '''\.secrets\.baseline$''',
  '''test/.*\.py$''',
  '''.*_test\.go$''',
]

GitHub Secret Scanning

# .github/workflows/secret-scanning.yml
name: Secret Scanning
on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:

jobs:
  gitleaks:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: Gitleaks
        uses: gitleaks/gitleaks-action@v2
        env:
          GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

  trufflehog:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0

      - name: TruffleHog
        uses: trufflesecurity/trufflehog@main
        with:
          extra_args: --only-verified

Vulnerability Management Workflow

Vulnerability Tracking

/// <summary>
/// Vulnerability management workflow automation.
/// </summary>
public enum VulnStatus
{
    New,
    Triaged,
    InProgress,
    Resolved,
    AcceptedRisk,
    FalsePositive
}

public enum VulnSeverity { Critical = 1, High = 2, Medium = 3, Low = 4 }

/// <summary>
/// Tracked vulnerability with lifecycle management.
/// </summary>
public sealed class Vulnerability
{
    public required string Id { get; init; }
    public string? CveId { get; init; }
    public required string Title { get; init; }
    public required string Description { get; init; }
    public required VulnSeverity Severity { get; init; }
    public required double CvssScore { get; init; }
    public required string AffectedComponent { get; init; }
    public required string AffectedVersion { get; init; }
    public string? FixedVersion { get; init; }

    // Tracking
    public VulnStatus Status { get; set; } = VulnStatus.New;
    public string? Assignee { get; set; }
    public DateTime DiscoveredDate { get; init; } = DateTime.UtcNow;
    public DateTime? DueDate { get; set; }
    public DateTime? ResolvedDate { get; set; }
    public List<string> Notes { get; } = [];
}

/// <summary>
/// Manages vulnerability lifecycle with SLA tracking.
/// </summary>
public sealed class VulnerabilityManager
{
    private static readonly IReadOnlyDictionary<VulnSeverity, int> SlaDays = new Dictionary<VulnSeverity, int>
    {
        [VulnSeverity.Critical] = 7,
        [VulnSeverity.High] = 30,
        [VulnSeverity.Medium] = 90,
        [VulnSeverity.Low] = 180,
    };

    private readonly Dictionary<string, Vulnerability> _vulnerabilities = new();

    public void AddVulnerability(Vulnerability vuln)
    {
        // Auto-set due date based on SLA
        vuln.DueDate ??= vuln.DiscoveredDate.AddDays(
            SlaDays.GetValueOrDefault(vuln.Severity, 90));

        _vulnerabilities[vuln.Id] = vuln;
    }

    public void Triage(string vulnId, string assignee, VulnStatus status = VulnStatus.Triaged)
    {
        if (_vulnerabilities.TryGetValue(vulnId, out var vuln))
        {
            vuln.Status = status;
            vuln.Assignee = assignee;
            vuln.Notes.Add($"{DateTime.UtcNow:O}: Triaged to {assignee}");
        }
    }

    public void Resolve(string vulnId, string resolution, VulnStatus status = VulnStatus.Resolved)
    {
        if (_vulnerabilities.TryGetValue(vulnId, out var vuln))
        {
            vuln.Status = status;
            vuln.ResolvedDate = DateTime.UtcNow;
            vuln.Notes.Add($"{DateTime.UtcNow:O}: Resolved - {resolution}");
        }
    }

    public void AcceptRisk(string vulnId, string justification, string approver)
    {
        if (_vulnerabilities.TryGetValue(vulnId, out var vuln))
        {
            vuln.Status = VulnStatus.AcceptedRisk;
            vuln.Notes.Add($"{DateTime.UtcNow:O}: Risk accepted by {approver} - {justification}");
        }
    }

    public IEnumerable<Vulnerability> GetOverdue()
    {
        var now = DateTime.UtcNow;
        return _vulnerabilities.Values.Where(v =>
            v.Status is not (VulnStatus.Resolved or VulnStatus.AcceptedRisk or VulnStatus.FalsePositive) &&
            v.DueDate.HasValue &&
            v.DueDate.Value < now);
    }

    public VulnerabilityMetrics GetMetrics()
    {
        var vulns = _vulnerabilities.Values.ToList();

        return new VulnerabilityMetrics(
            Total: vulns.Count,
            Open: vulns.Count(v => v.Status is VulnStatus.New or VulnStatus.Triaged or VulnStatus.InProgress),
            Resolved: vulns.Count(v => v.Status == VulnStatus.Resolved),
            Overdue: GetOverdue().Count(),
            BySeverity: Enum.GetValues<VulnSeverity>().ToDictionary(
                sev => sev.ToString(),
                sev => vulns.Count(v => v.Severity == sev)),
            MttrDays: CalculateMttr(vulns));
    }

    private static double CalculateMttr(List<Vulnerability> vulns)
    {
        var resolved = vulns
            .Where(v => v.Status == VulnStatus.Resolved && v.ResolvedDate.HasValue)
            .ToList();

        if (resolved.Count == 0) return 0.0;

        var totalDays = resolved.Sum(v => (v.ResolvedDate!.Value - v.DiscoveredDate).TotalDays);
        return totalDays / resolved.Count;
    }
}

public sealed record VulnerabilityMetrics(
    int Total,
    int Open,
    int Resolved,
    int Overdue,
    Dictionary<string, int> BySeverity,
    double MttrDays);

Security Champions Program

Program Structure

# Security Champions Program

## Roles and Responsibilities

### Security Champion
- Embedded security advocate within development team
- First point of contact for security questions
- Participates in security training and shares knowledge
- Reviews security-critical code changes
- Triages security findings for their team

### Time Commitment
- 10-20% of work time on security activities
- Weekly security standup (30 min)
- Monthly security training (2 hours)
- Quarterly security deep-dive (4 hours)

## Selection Criteria
- 1+ year on the team
- Interest in security
- Good communication skills
- Technical credibility with peers

## Training Path
1. **Month 1**: Security fundamentals
   - OWASP Top 10
   - Secure coding basics
   - Company security policies

2. **Month 2**: Tools and processes
   - SAST/DAST tool usage
   - Security gate process
   - Vulnerability management

3. **Month 3**: Advanced topics
   - Threat modeling
   - Security architecture review
   - Incident response basics

## Metrics
- Vulnerabilities found by champion reviews
- Security training completion rate
- Time to remediate findings
- Security culture survey scores

Security Checklist

Pre-Development

• Threat model completed for new features
• Security requirements documented
• Secure design patterns identified
• Security champions assigned

During Development

• Pre-commit hooks enabled (secrets, linting)
• SAST integrated in IDE
• Secure coding guidelines followed
• Security-sensitive code reviewed by champion

Pre-Deployment

• All security gates passed
• SAST findings addressed
• SCA vulnerabilities resolved or accepted
• DAST scan completed
• Security review approved

Post-Deployment

• Runtime security monitoring enabled
• Vulnerability scanning scheduled
• Incident response plan updated
• Security metrics collected

References

• SAST Tools: See

  references/sast-tools.md

  for detailed tool configurations
• Security Gates: See

  references/security-gates.md

  for gate implementation
• Vulnerability Workflow: See

  references/vulnerability-workflow.md

  for complete workflow

Related Skills

• secure-coding

  - Secure development practices

• supply-chain-security

  - Dependency and SBOM management

• threat-modeling

  - Threat identification and mitigation

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Last Updated: 2025-12-26