WPF UI Automation Patterns

Implementing accessibility features using UI Automation framework.

1. UI Automation Overview

UI Automation Framework
├── Providers (Server-side)
│   ├── AutomationPeer (base class)
│   ├── FrameworkElementAutomationPeer
│   └── Custom AutomationPeers
├── Clients (Consumer-side)
│   ├── Screen readers (Narrator, JAWS)
│   ├── Testing tools
│   └── Custom automation clients
└── Automation Properties
    ├── AutomationProperties.Name
    ├── AutomationProperties.HelpText
    └── AutomationProperties.LabeledBy

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2. AutomationProperties

2.1 Basic Properties

<!-- Name - primary identifier for screen readers -->
<Button Content="Submit"
        AutomationProperties.Name="Submit form"/>

<!-- Name for image buttons (no text content) -->
<Button AutomationProperties.Name="Close window">
    <Image Source="/Icons/close.png"/>
</Button>

<!-- HelpText - additional description -->
<TextBox AutomationProperties.Name="Email address"
         AutomationProperties.HelpText="Enter your email in format user@domain.com"/>

<!-- LabeledBy - reference to label element -->
<Label x:Name="UsernameLabel" Content="Username:"/>
<TextBox AutomationProperties.LabeledBy="{Binding ElementName=UsernameLabel}"/>

2.2 Additional Properties

<!-- AcceleratorKey - keyboard shortcut hint -->
<Button Content="_Save"
        AutomationProperties.AcceleratorKey="Ctrl+S"/>

<!-- AccessKey - mnemonic key -->
<Button Content="_File"
        AutomationProperties.AccessKey="Alt+F"/>

<!-- ItemStatus - current state information -->
<ListBoxItem AutomationProperties.ItemStatus="Selected, 3 of 10"/>

<!-- ItemType - type description for list items -->
<ListBoxItem AutomationProperties.ItemType="Email message"/>

<!-- LiveSetting - for dynamic content updates -->
<TextBlock AutomationProperties.LiveSetting="Polite"
           Text="{Binding StatusMessage}"/>

2.3 LiveSetting Values

Value	Description
Off	No announcements
Polite	Announce when user is idle
Assertive	Announce immediately

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3. Custom AutomationPeer

3.1 Basic Custom Peer

namespace MyApp.Controls;

using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Automation.Peers;
using System.Windows.Controls;

public class RatingControl : Control
{
    public static readonly DependencyProperty ValueProperty = DependencyProperty.Register(
        nameof(Value), typeof(int), typeof(RatingControl),
        new PropertyMetadata(0));

    public int Value
    {
        get => (int)GetValue(ValueProperty);
        set => SetValue(ValueProperty, value);
    }

    public int MaxValue { get; set; } = 5;

    // Create custom AutomationPeer
    protected override AutomationPeer OnCreateAutomationPeer()
    {
        return new RatingControlAutomationPeer(this);
    }
}

public class RatingControlAutomationPeer : FrameworkElementAutomationPeer
{
    public RatingControlAutomationPeer(RatingControl owner)
        : base(owner)
    {
    }

    private RatingControl RatingControl => (RatingControl)Owner;

    // Return control type for screen readers
    protected override AutomationControlType GetAutomationControlTypeCore()
    {
        return AutomationControlType.Slider;
    }

    // Return class name
    protected override string GetClassNameCore()
    {
        return nameof(RatingControl);
    }

    // Return accessible name
    protected override string GetNameCore()
    {
        var name = base.GetNameCore();

        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
        {
            return $"Rating: {RatingControl.Value} of {RatingControl.MaxValue} stars";
        }

        return name;
    }

    // Return help text
    protected override string GetHelpTextCore()
    {
        return "Use arrow keys to change rating";
    }
}

3.2 Implementing Automation Patterns

namespace MyApp.Controls;

using System.Windows.Automation;
using System.Windows.Automation.Peers;
using System.Windows.Automation.Provider;

public class RatingControlAutomationPeer : FrameworkElementAutomationPeer,
    IRangeValueProvider
{
    public RatingControlAutomationPeer(RatingControl owner)
        : base(owner)
    {
    }

    private RatingControl RatingControl => (RatingControl)Owner;

    // Expose supported patterns
    public override object? GetPattern(PatternInterface patternInterface)
    {
        if (patternInterface == PatternInterface.RangeValue)
        {
            return this;
        }

        return base.GetPattern(patternInterface);
    }

    // IRangeValueProvider implementation
    public bool IsReadOnly => false;

    public double LargeChange => 1;

    public double SmallChange => 1;

    public double Maximum => RatingControl.MaxValue;

    public double Minimum => 0;

    public double Value => RatingControl.Value;

    public void SetValue(double value)
    {
        if (value < Minimum || value > Maximum)
        {
            throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(value));
        }

        RatingControl.Value = (int)value;
    }

    protected override AutomationControlType GetAutomationControlTypeCore()
    {
        return AutomationControlType.Slider;
    }

    protected override string GetClassNameCore()
    {
        return nameof(RatingControl);
    }
}

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4. Common Automation Patterns

Pattern	Purpose	Example Controls
IInvokeProvider	Single action	Button, MenuItem
IToggleProvider	Toggle state	CheckBox, ToggleButton
ISelectionProvider	Contains selectable items	ListBox, ComboBox
ISelectionItemProvider	Selectable item	ListBoxItem
IRangeValueProvider	Numeric range	Slider, ProgressBar
IValueProvider	Text value	TextBox
IExpandCollapseProvider	Expand/collapse	TreeViewItem, Expander
IScrollProvider	Scrollable content	ScrollViewer

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5. Raising Automation Events

5.1 Property Changed Event

public class CustomControlAutomationPeer : FrameworkElementAutomationPeer
{
    public void RaiseValueChanged(int oldValue, int newValue)
    {
        // Notify automation clients of value change
        RaisePropertyChangedEvent(
            RangeValuePatternIdentifiers.ValueProperty,
            (double)oldValue,
            (double)newValue);
    }

    public void RaiseSelectionChanged()
    {
        RaiseAutomationEvent(AutomationEvents.SelectionPatternOnInvalidated);
    }
}

5.2 From Control

public class RatingControl : Control
{
    private static void OnValueChanged(DependencyObject d, DependencyPropertyChangedEventArgs e)
    {
        var control = (RatingControl)d;

        // Get automation peer and raise event
        var peer = UIElementAutomationPeer.FromElement(control) as RatingControlAutomationPeer;
        peer?.RaiseValueChanged((int)e.OldValue, (int)e.NewValue);
    }
}

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6. Focus and Keyboard Navigation

6.1 Keyboard Support

public class RatingControl : Control
{
    public RatingControl()
    {
        // Enable keyboard focus
        Focusable = true;
        FocusVisualStyle = (Style)FindResource(SystemParameters.FocusVisualStyleKey);
    }

    protected override void OnKeyDown(KeyEventArgs e)
    {
        base.OnKeyDown(e);

        switch (e.Key)
        {
            case Key.Left:
            case Key.Down:
                if (Value > 0)
                {
                    Value--;
                    e.Handled = true;
                }
                break;

            case Key.Right:
            case Key.Up:
                if (Value < MaxValue)
                {
                    Value++;
                    e.Handled = true;
                }
                break;

            case Key.Home:
                Value = 0;
                e.Handled = true;
                break;

            case Key.End:
                Value = MaxValue;
                e.Handled = true;
                break;
        }
    }
}

6.2 Focus Visual

<Style TargetType="{x:Type local:RatingControl}">
    <Setter Property="FocusVisualStyle">
        <Setter.Value>
            <Style>
                <Setter Property="Control.Template">
                    <Setter.Value>
                        <ControlTemplate>
                            <Border BorderBrush="{DynamicResource {x:Static SystemColors.ControlTextBrushKey}}"
                                    BorderThickness="2"
                                    CornerRadius="2"
                                    Margin="-2"/>
                        </ControlTemplate>
                    </Setter.Value>
                </Setter>
            </Style>
        </Setter.Value>
    </Setter>
</Style>

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7. Screen Reader Announcements

7.1 Live Regions

<!-- Status updates announced when changed -->
<TextBlock x:Name="StatusText"
           AutomationProperties.LiveSetting="Polite"
           AutomationProperties.Name="Status"/>

// Update status - screen reader will announce
StatusText.Text = "3 items selected";

7.2 Programmatic Announcements

using System.Windows.Automation.Peers;

public static void Announce(string message)
{
    var peer = FrameworkElementAutomationPeer.FromElement(Application.Current.MainWindow);

    if (peer != null)
    {
        peer.RaiseAutomationEvent(AutomationEvents.LiveRegionChanged);
    }
}

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8. Accessibility Checklist

Essential

• All interactive elements have AutomationProperties.Name
• Images have descriptive names or are marked decorative
• Form fields are labeled (LabeledBy or Name)
• Focus is visible and logical order is correct
• Keyboard navigation works for all functionality

Enhanced

• HelpText provides additional context
• AcceleratorKey documents shortcuts
• LiveSetting for dynamic content
• Custom controls have AutomationPeers
• Color contrast meets WCAG guidelines

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9. Testing Accessibility

9.1 Using Inspect.exe

Tools location:
Windows SDK → bin → [arch] → inspect.exe

Usage:
1. Run inspect.exe
2. Hover over UI elements
3. View automation properties
4. Verify Name, ControlType, Patterns

9.2 Using Narrator

Windows + Ctrl + Enter: Toggle Narrator
Tab: Navigate forward
Shift + Tab: Navigate backward
Caps Lock + Up/Down: Read current item

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10. References

• UI Automation Overview - Microsoft Docs
• AutomationProperties Class - Microsoft Docs
• Custom Control Accessibility - Microsoft Docs