MCP Operations

Comprehensive patterns for building, testing, and deploying Model Context Protocol servers in Python and TypeScript.

MCP Architecture Quick Reference

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                     MCP Host                            │
│  (Claude Desktop, Claude Code, Custom App)              │
│                                                         │
│  ┌───────────┐   ┌───────────┐   ┌───────────┐        │
│  │  Client A  │   │  Client B  │   │  Client C  │       │
│  └─────┬─────┘   └─────┬─────┘   └─────┬─────┘        │
└────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼────────────────┘
         │               │               │
    ┌────┴────┐     ┌────┴────┐     ┌────┴────┐
    │Transport│     │Transport│     │Transport│
    │ (stdio) │     │  (SSE)  │     │ (HTTP)  │
    └────┬────┘     └────┬────┘     └────┬────┘
         │               │               │
┌────────┴──┐     ┌──────┴────┐   ┌──────┴────┐
│  Server A  │     │  Server B  │   │  Server C  │
│            │     │            │   │            │
│ ┌────────┐ │     │ ┌────────┐ │   │ ┌────────┐ │
│ │ Tools  │ │     │ │Resources│ │   │ │Prompts │ │
│ └────────┘ │     │ └────────┘ │   │ └────────┘ │
│ ┌────────┐ │     │ ┌────────┐ │   │ ┌────────┐ │
│ │Resources│ │     │ │Prompts │ │   │ │ Tools  │ │
│ └────────┘ │     │ └────────┘ │   │ └────────┘ │
└────────────┘     └────────────┘   └────────────┘

Protocol: JSON-RPC 2.0 over chosen transport
Flow:     Client → request → Server → response → Client

Server Type Decision Tree

What transport does your MCP server need?
│
├─ Local CLI tool / single-user desktop integration?
│  └─ stdio
│     - Simplest setup, no networking
│     - Claude Desktop, Claude Code native support
│     - Process lifecycle managed by host
│
├─ Web dashboard / browser-based client?
│  └─ SSE (Server-Sent Events)
│     - HTTP-based, works through firewalls
│     - Persistent connection for server→client events
│     - Good for development and internal tools
│
└─ Production API / multi-tenant / cloud deployment?
   └─ Streamable HTTP
      - HTTP POST for requests, SSE for streaming responses
      - Supports stateless and stateful modes
      - Full auth support, load balancer friendly
      - Recommended for production deployments

Tool vs Resource vs Prompt Decision Tree

What does the LLM need to do?
│
├─ Perform an action or computation?
│  └─ TOOL
│     - Has side effects (API calls, file writes, DB mutations)
│     - Accepts structured input, returns results
│     - Examples: run_query, create_issue, send_email
│
├─ Read data or context?
│  └─ RESOURCE
│     - Read-only data retrieval
│     - Identified by URI (file://, db://, api://)
│     - Examples: config://app, schema://users, file://readme.md
│
└─ Guide the LLM's behavior or workflow?
   └─ PROMPT
      - Templated instructions with arguments
      - Suggests conversation starters or workflows
      - Examples: code_review(language, file), summarize(topic)

Python SDK Quick Start

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("my-server")

@mcp.tool()
def search_docs(query: str) -> str:
    """Search documentation by keyword."""
    results = perform_search(query)
    return "\n".join(f"- {r.title}: {r.snippet}" for r in results)

@mcp.tool()
def create_ticket(title: str, body: str, priority: str = "medium") -> str:
    """Create a support ticket."""
    ticket = api.create(title=title, body=body, priority=priority)
    return f"Created ticket #{ticket.id}: {ticket.url}"

@mcp.resource("config://app")
def get_config() -> str:
    """Return current application configuration."""
    return json.dumps(load_config(), indent=2)

@mcp.resource("schema://db/{table}")
def get_table_schema(table: str) -> str:
    """Return the schema for a database table."""
    return json.dumps(get_schema(table), indent=2)

@mcp.prompt()
def code_review(language: str, filepath: str) -> str:
    """Generate a code review prompt for the given file."""
    return f"Review this {language} code in {filepath} for bugs, style issues, and performance."

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run()  # Defaults to stdio transport

Install and run:

uv init my-mcp-server && cd my-mcp-server
uv add mcp[cli]
# Run with: uv run python server.py
# Or:       uv run mcp run server.py

TypeScript SDK Quick Start

import { McpServer } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/mcp.js";
import { StdioServerTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/stdio.js";
import { z } from "zod";

const server = new McpServer({
  name: "my-server",
  version: "1.0.0",
});

// Register a tool
server.tool(
  "search_docs",
  "Search documentation by keyword",
  { query: z.string().describe("Search query") },
  async ({ query }) => {
    const results = await performSearch(query);
    return {
      content: [{ type: "text", text: results.join("\n") }],
    };
  }
);

// Register a resource
server.resource(
  "config",
  "config://app",
  { description: "Current application configuration" },
  async (uri) => ({
    contents: [{
      uri: uri.href,
      mimeType: "application/json",
      text: JSON.stringify(loadConfig(), null, 2),
    }],
  })
);

// Register a prompt
server.prompt(
  "code_review",
  "Generate a code review prompt",
  { language: z.string(), filepath: z.string() },
  async ({ language, filepath }) => ({
    messages: [{
      role: "user",
      content: {
        type: "text",
        text: `Review this ${language} code in ${filepath} for bugs and style issues.`,
      },
    }],
  })
);

async function main() {
  const transport = new StdioServerTransport();
  await server.connect(transport);
}
main().catch(console.error);

Install and run:

npm init -y
npm install @modelcontextprotocol/sdk zod
npx tsx server.ts

Transport Selection Matrix

Authentication Patterns Quick Reference

# Pattern 1: API keys from environment
import os
from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("api-server")

@mcp.tool()
def call_api(endpoint: str) -> str:
    """Call external API with configured credentials."""
    api_key = os.environ["MY_API_KEY"]  # Set in client config
    resp = httpx.get(f"https://api.example.com/{endpoint}",
                     headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {api_key}"})
    return resp.text

# Pattern 2: OAuth2 token refresh (in-memory cache)
import time

_token_cache: dict = {}

async def get_valid_token() -> str:
    if _token_cache.get("expires_at", 0) > time.time() + 60:
        return _token_cache["access_token"]
    resp = await httpx.AsyncClient().post("https://auth.example.com/token", data={
        "grant_type": "refresh_token",
        "refresh_token": os.environ["REFRESH_TOKEN"],
        "client_id": os.environ["CLIENT_ID"],
    })
    data = resp.json()
    _token_cache.update({
        "access_token": data["access_token"],
        "expires_at": time.time() + data["expires_in"],
    })
    return data["access_token"]

// Claude Desktop config with env vars
{
  "mcpServers": {
    "my-server": {
      "command": "uv",
      "args": ["run", "--directory", "/path/to/server", "python", "server.py"],
      "env": {
        "MY_API_KEY": "sk-...",
        "DATABASE_URL": "postgresql://..."
      }
    }
  }
}

Common Gotchas

inputSchema

content

{"content": [{"type": "text", "text": "..."}]}

isError: true

server.request_context.session.send_resource_list_changed()

myserver_search

search

data://info

db://myapp/users

config://myapp/settings

async def

async def

os.getcwd()

Reference Files

references/server-architecture.md

references/tool-handlers.md

references/resources-prompts.md

references/transport-auth.md

references/testing-debugging.md

See Also

• MCP Specification: https://spec.modelcontextprotocol.io
• Python SDK: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk
• TypeScript SDK: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/typescript-sdk
• Official MCP Servers: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/servers
• MCP Inspector:

  npx @modelcontextprotocol/inspector

• FastMCP Documentation: https://gofastmcp.com
• Related skills:

  claude-code-hooks

  (hook into Claude Code),

  claude-code-debug

  (debug Claude Code issues)