馴犬之基

授犬以基令（坐、留、來、隨、伏），以正強化與標記之法。

用時

• 新幼犬（八週以上）備為基訓
• 成犬少可靠之基令
• 救援或改寓之犬須學家用之令
• 進於繁行或無繩之前
• 舊令已衰須重立

入

• 必要：犬（任種，八週以上）
• 必要：高值之餌（小、軟、速食）
• 可選：響片或口語標記（如「是」）
• 可選：六尺繩與平項圈或胸背
• 可選：靜訓之地，初少擾

法

第一步：立標記

標記橋欲行與賞之間。

Marker Training Protocol:
1. Choose your marker: clicker (precise) or verbal "yes" (always available)
2. Charge the marker (10-15 reps):
   - Mark (click or "yes") then immediately deliver a treat
   - No behavior required — just marker → treat, marker → treat
   - Dog should begin orienting toward you at the sound of the marker
3. Test: mark when the dog is looking away. Does the dog turn toward
   you expecting a treat? If yes, the marker is charged.

Timing Rule:
The marker must occur WITHIN 1 second of the desired behavior.
Late marking teaches the wrong behavior.
Mark → then reach for the treat (not the reverse).

得： 犬聞標記即向訓者，望賞。

敗則： 廿次而犬不應標記，餌值過低。換高值之賞（酪、雞、肝）。若犬亂而不食，境太刺激——徙靜處。

第二步：授五基令

每次專一令至穩，後方雜之。

Command Protocols:

SIT:
1. Hold treat above dog's nose, slowly arc backward over the head
2. As the dog's head follows up, the rear naturally lowers
3. The instant the rear touches the ground → mark and treat
4. Add the verbal cue "sit" AFTER the dog is offering the behavior reliably
   (cue comes before behavior only once the dog understands the behavior)

DOWN:
1. From a sit, hold treat at the dog's nose then lower slowly to the ground
2. Draw the treat slightly forward along the ground
3. As elbows touch the ground → mark and treat
4. If the dog stands instead, reset and try with less forward movement

STAY:
1. Ask for a sit or down
2. Open palm toward the dog, say "stay"
3. Wait 1 second → mark and treat while the dog is still in position
4. Gradually increase duration: 2s, 5s, 10s, 30s, 1 min
5. Add distance: one step back, then two, then five
6. Add distraction: only after duration and distance are solid
   (the "three Ds": Duration, Distance, Distraction — increase one at a time)

COME (recall):
1. Start on a long line (15-30 ft) in a low-distraction environment
2. Let the dog wander, then call name + "come" in an upbeat tone
3. If the dog turns toward you → mark → reward generously when the dog arrives
4. NEVER call "come" for something unpleasant (bath, crate, leaving the park)
5. Recall is the most important safety command — make it the most rewarding

HEEL:
1. Dog on your left side, treat in left hand at your hip
2. Take one step, if the dog moves with you → mark and treat
3. Gradually increase to two steps, five steps, ten steps
4. Mark and treat for maintaining position (head roughly at your knee)
5. If the dog pulls ahead, stop walking. Resume when the leash is loose.

得： 於少擾之境，諸令可靠，賞為誘。

敗則： 三會後令不進，宜細分其步。犬或須中行（如「伏」時，先賞低頭之動，未必須肘全著地）。

第三步：規訓會

Session Guidelines:
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Parameter          | Guideline                                |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Duration           | 5-10 minutes (puppies: 3-5 minutes)      |
| Frequency          | 2-3 sessions per day                     |
| End on success     | Always end after a successful rep, not   |
|                    | after a failure                          |
| Reward rate        | Initially: every correct rep             |
|                    | Later: intermittent (variable schedule)  |
| Energy management  | High-energy dog? Exercise BEFORE training|
|                    | Low-energy dog? Train when most alert    |
| Session structure  | Warm-up (easy known command) → new       |
|                    | material → cool-down (easy command)      |
+--------------------+------------------------------------------+

The 80/20 Rule:
- 80% of reps should succeed (dog is getting it right)
- If success rate drops below 80%, the criteria is too high — go easier
- 20% challenge keeps the dog engaged without frustrating

得： 短而成之會，犬欲再練。

敗則： 犬離心（嗅、望外、臥），會過長、過難、或賞不足。止之重評。

第四步：抗擾之固

於靜境可靠後，漸增擾。

Distraction Ladder (work through sequentially):
1. Quiet room, no distractions (starting point)
2. Room with a family member present
3. Backyard or garden
4. Front yard with street noise
5. Quiet park or trail
6. Busy park with other dogs at a distance
7. Busy park with other dogs nearby
8. Novel environments (pet store, cafe patio)

At each new level:
- Expect performance to decrease — this is normal
- Increase reward rate back to every correct rep
- Do not add more distraction until the current level is reliable
- If the dog fails 3 reps in a row, you moved up too fast — go back one level

得： 於漸擾之境，令仍可靠。

敗則： 若某特擾（他犬、松鼠）恆破訓，宜別施反條件（見

behavioral-modification

）。

驗

• 標記已充，犬穩應之
• 五令皆能於少擾之境行
• 訓會五至十分，終於成
• 諸令成功率至八成以上
• 諸令經擾階而漸泛化
• 訓者之時（一秒內標記）穩定

陷

• 重呼其令：「坐、坐、坐！」授犬首呼為可略。呼一次而候
• 賞過遲：賞宜於標記後二三秒內至。遲則關聯破
• 誘不去：手持餌之動（誘）宜於十至廿次內淡。否則犬唯見食方應
• 罰失召：呼「來」而叱之（緩、口銜物），永污召令
• 訓過久：疲犬不學。尚佳而止
• 令不一：家人皆宜用同言同勢為一令

參

• behavioral-modification

  — 解干擾基令之不欲之行