Docker Patterns

Best practices for building secure, efficient, and production-ready Docker images and compositions.

Multi-Stage Builds

Multi-stage builds separate build dependencies from runtime, producing smaller and more secure images.

Node.js / TypeScript

# Stage 1: Install dependencies
FROM node:20-alpine AS deps
WORKDIR /app
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./
RUN npm ci --ignore-scripts

# Stage 2: Build
FROM node:20-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=deps /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
RUN npm prune --production

# Stage 3: Production
FROM node:20-alpine AS production
WORKDIR /app

RUN addgroup -g 1001 appgroup && \
    adduser -u 1001 -G appgroup -s /bin/sh -D appuser

COPY --from=build --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/dist ./dist
COPY --from=build --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/node_modules ./node_modules
COPY --from=build --chown=appuser:appgroup /app/package.json ./

USER appuser
EXPOSE 3000

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s --retries=3 \
  CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1

CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

Python

# Stage 1: Build
FROM python:3.12-slim AS build
WORKDIR /app

RUN python -m venv /opt/venv
ENV PATH="/opt/venv/bin:$PATH"

COPY requirements.txt .
RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

COPY . .

# Stage 2: Production
FROM python:3.12-slim AS production
WORKDIR /app

RUN groupadd -r appgroup && useradd -r -g appgroup -s /sbin/nologin appuser

COPY --from=build /opt/venv /opt/venv
COPY --from=build --chown=appuser:appgroup /app .

ENV PATH="/opt/venv/bin:$PATH"
USER appuser
EXPOSE 8000

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
  CMD python -c "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://localhost:8000/health')" || exit 1

CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:8000", "--workers", "4", "app:create_app()"]

Go

# Stage 1: Build
FROM golang:1.22-alpine AS build
WORKDIR /app

COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download

COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -ldflags="-s -w" -o /server ./cmd/server

# Stage 2: Production (scratch = no OS, minimal attack surface)
FROM scratch AS production

COPY --from=build /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
COPY --from=build /server /server

USER 65534:65534
EXPOSE 8080

ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]

Layer Caching Optimization

Docker caches each layer. Order instructions from least-frequently-changed to most-frequently-changed.

Layer Order (Top = Changes Least)

# 1. Base image              (changes: rarely)
FROM node:20-alpine

# 2. System dependencies     (changes: rarely)
RUN apk add --no-cache dumb-init

# 3. Create user             (changes: never)
RUN adduser -D appuser

# 4. Working directory        (changes: never)
WORKDIR /app

# 5. Package manifests       (changes: occasionally)
COPY package.json package-lock.json ./

# 6. Install dependencies    (changes: occasionally, cached if manifests unchanged)
RUN npm ci

# 7. Application code        (changes: frequently)
COPY . .

# 8. Build step              (changes: frequently)
RUN npm run build

# 9. Runtime config          (changes: rarely)
USER appuser
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]

Caching Rules

npm ci

npm install

--no-cache-dir

&&

.dockerignore

What Busts the Cache

Security Hardening

Non-Root User (Required)

Never run containers as root. A compromised container running as root can escalate to host-level access.

# Alpine
RUN addgroup -g 1001 appgroup && \
    adduser -u 1001 -G appgroup -s /bin/sh -D appuser
USER appuser

# Debian/Ubuntu
RUN groupadd -r appgroup && useradd -r -g appgroup -s /sbin/nologin appuser
USER appuser

# Scratch (numeric user, no user database)
USER 65534:65534

Minimal Base Images

scratch

alpine

distroless

slim

full

Secrets Management

NEVER put secrets in these locations:

ENV

docker inspect

ARG

docker history

COPY

.dockerignore

Safe alternatives:

# Runtime secrets via environment variables (set at run time, not build time)
# docker run -e DATABASE_URL=... myapp

# Docker secrets (Swarm/Compose)
# docker secret create db_password ./password.txt

# Mount secrets at build time (BuildKit, not persisted in layers)
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=npmrc,target=/root/.npmrc npm ci

Security Checklist

• Running as non-root user
• Using minimal base image (alpine/distroless/scratch)
• No secrets in ENV, ARG, or COPY instructions
• No secrets in build context (check

  .dockerignore

  )
• Pinned base image versions (not

  latest

  )

• --no-cache-dir

  on package installs
• Read-only filesystem where possible (

  --read-only

  flag)
• No unnecessary packages installed
• Health check configured
• Dropped all Linux capabilities not needed (

  --cap-drop=ALL

  )

Image Scanning

Scan images for known vulnerabilities before deploying.

# Docker Scout (built into Docker Desktop)
docker scout cves myimage:latest

# Trivy (open source)
trivy image myimage:latest

# Snyk
snyk container test myimage:latest

Health Checks

Dockerfile HEALTHCHECK

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=10s --retries=3 \
  CMD wget --no-verbose --tries=1 --spider http://localhost:3000/health || exit 1

Parameters

--interval

--timeout

--start-period

--retries

Health Check Commands by Stack

wget --spider http://localhost:3000/health

python -c "import urllib.request; urllib.request.urlopen('http://...')"

curl -f http://localhost/ || exit 1

pg_isready -U postgres

redis-cli ping

Health Endpoint Best Practices

• Return 200 for healthy, 503 for unhealthy
• Check downstream dependencies (database, cache) in the health endpoint
• Keep checks fast (< 1 second)
• Separate liveness (is the process alive?) from readiness (can it serve traffic?)

Docker Compose Patterns

Development Compose

# compose.yaml (development)
services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: deps  # Stop at dependency stage for dev
    volumes:
      - .:/app
      - /app/node_modules  # Prevent host node_modules from overriding
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=development
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    command: npm run dev

  db:
    image: postgres:16-alpine
    volumes:
      - pgdata:/var/lib/postgresql/data
    environment:
      POSTGRES_DB: myapp_dev
      POSTGRES_USER: devuser
      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: devpassword  # Dev only; never use simple passwords in production
    ports:
      - "5432:5432"
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD-SHELL", "pg_isready -U devuser -d myapp_dev"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 5

  redis:
    image: redis:7-alpine
    ports:
      - "6379:6379"
    healthcheck:
      test: ["CMD", "redis-cli", "ping"]
      interval: 5s
      timeout: 3s
      retries: 5

volumes:
  pgdata:

Production Compose

# compose.prod.yaml
services:
  app:
    build:
      context: .
      target: production
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "3000:3000"
    environment:
      - NODE_ENV=production
    env_file:
      - .env.production  # Secrets loaded from file, not hardcoded
    depends_on:
      db:
        condition: service_healthy
    deploy:
      resources:
        limits:
          memory: 512M
          cpus: "0.5"
    read_only: true
    tmpfs:
      - /tmp
    security_opt:
      - no-new-privileges:true

Compose Best Practices

depends_on

condition: service_healthy

restart: unless-stopped

read_only: true

.dockerignore

Always include a

.dockerignore

# Version control
.git
.gitignore

# Dependencies (installed in container)
node_modules
__pycache__
*.pyc
venv/

# Environment and secrets
.env
.env.*
*.pem
*.key
credentials.json

# IDE and editor files
.vscode/
.idea/
*.swp
*.swo

# Build output
dist/
build/
coverage/
*.log

# Docker files (no need to copy into context)
Dockerfile
docker-compose*.yml
compose*.yaml
.dockerignore

# Documentation
*.md
LICENSE
docs/

# Tests (unless needed for build)
tests/
test/
__tests__/
*.test.*
*.spec.*

Anti-Patterns

USER appuser

latest

node:20.11-alpine

.dockerignore

.dockerignore

COPY . .

npm install

npm ci --omit=dev

npm prune --production

HEALTHCHECK

.dockerignore

apt-get install

apt-get update && apt-get install -y ... && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

ADD

COPY

ADD

COPY

ADD

Production Readiness Checklist

Before deploying a containerized application:

• Multi-stage build separates build and runtime
• Running as non-root user
• Base image pinned to specific version
• No secrets baked into the image

• .dockerignore

  prevents context leaks
• Health check configured
• Resource limits set (memory, CPU)
• Graceful shutdown handled (SIGTERM)
• Logs written to stdout/stderr (not files)
• Image scanned for vulnerabilities
• Read-only filesystem where possible
• No unnecessary packages or tools installed